Chaotropes such as
urea can break the structure of water, weakening
the hydrophobic effect and reducing aggregation. Here, we investigated
how the addition of urea affects the transfer of ions and cationic
dyes across the interface between immiscible electrolyte solutions,
both water-1,2-dichloroethane and water-trifluorotoluene. For most
cations, their half-wave potential of transfer shifted toward more
negative values, indicating that it is easier to transfer these ions
from the aqueous phase with urea to the organic phase, showing that
the addition of urea decreases the solvation of ions in the aqueous
phase. However, the half-wave potentials for a series of cationic
phenothiazine dyes shifted toward more positive potentials, indicating
improved solvation in urea solution. The effect of urea was investigated
also by differential capacitance and electrocapillary curves, as well
as by molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, electrochemistry at
liquid–liquid interfaces allows determination of the transfer
energies of ions between water and aqueous solutions of urea via a
thermodynamic cycle.