Photograph Presentation Order and Range Effects in Visual-Based Outdoor Recreation Research

Gibson, Adam; Newman, Peter; Lawson, Steven R.; Fristrup, Kurt M.; Benfield, Jacob A.; Bell, Paul A.; Nurse, Gretchen

doi:10.1080/01490400.2013.862886

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Data were collected during summer 2014 using a structured questionnaire distributed through an on-site intercept approach. To avoid starting point bias the choice sets of the DCE were rotated systematically (Gibson et al 2014 ) across successive respondents. Data collection included a stratified-cluster sample of visitors with a systematically selected sampling period that varied by time of day and day of the week to reflect each park’s visitation patterns and capture a diverse visitor segment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visitor Preferences for Visual Changes in Bark Beetle-Impacted Forest Recreation Settings in the United States and Germany

Arnberger

Ebenberger

Schneider

et al. 2017

Environmental Management

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Extensive outbreaks of tree-killing insects are increasing across forests in Europe and North America due to climate change and other factors. Yet, little recent research examines visitor response to visual changes in conifer forest recreation settings resulting from forest insect infestations, how visitors weigh trade-offs between physical and social forest environment factors, or how visitor preferences might differ by nationality. This study explored forest visitor preferences with a discrete choice experiment that photographically simulated conifer forest stands with varying levels of bark beetle outbreaks, forest and visitor management practices, and visitor use levels and compositions. On-site surveys were conducted with visitors to State Forest State Park in Colorado (n = 200), Lake Bemidji State Park in Minnesota (n = 228), and Harz National Park in Germany (n = 208). Results revealed that the condition of the immediate forest surrounding was the most important variable influencing visitors’ landscape preferences. Visitors preferred healthy mature forest stands and disliked forests with substantial dead wood. The number of visitors was the most important social factor influencing visitor landscape preferences. Differences in the influence of physical and social factors on visual preferences existed between study sites. Findings suggest that both visual forest conditions and visitor use management are important concerns in addressing landscape preferences for beetle-impacted forest recreation areas.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visitor Preferences for Visual Changes in Bark Beetle-Impacted Forest Recreation Settings in the United States and Germany

Arnberger

Ebenberger

Schneider

et al. 2017

Environmental Management

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“…Our method therefore eliminates the visual bias associated with sequence in which the photographs are presented to the examinees, which Gibson et al . [ 22 ] found to be influential. However, on-site measurements also imply that only visitors who exit the locality can be surveyed at any given time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the visual approach has potential issues. For example, the sequence of the image-based questionnaires can create bias [ 22 ]; a scenery shot to represent the whole area might be difficult to identify; and obtained results (acceptable use level) based on the scenery shot characterizes only that particular micro-locality, but may or may not characterize the whole locality. Additionally, the image does not convey other real-world conditions that might modify visitor experience; for example, environmental factors such as heat and noise might exacerbate effects of crowding, while other vistas available at the site might reduce them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, each participant evaluates perceived use and disturbance level only once, thus avoiding bias noted by Gibson et al . [ 22 ]. Second, the in-situ nature of our approach guarantees i) that the locality as a whole is evaluated rather than just the micro-locality captured by the scenery shot, and ii) that the environmental conditions are taken into the account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting perceived level of disturbance of visitors due to crowding in protected areas

et al. 2018

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Managing the disturbance of visitors due to crowding is an important management task in protected areas with high use levels. To achieve this, managers need to know how the use level affects the perceived disturbance due to crowding. Here we present a method to predict the level of disturbance as a function of use level measured by number of visitors. In contrast to the visual approach where subjects are asked to evaluate acceptability of use levels from manipulated images of scenery, our approach uses data gathered from actual experiences: actual (measured) use levels and concurrent on-site data on levels of disturbance experienced by visitors. Using the example of Nature Park Telašćica, we show how these data can be acquired with limited resources (a smart-phone and short, time-stamped questionnaires), and demonstrate the subsequent analysis and model fitting. The resulting model estimates the probability that a visitor experiencing a given use level will report certain level of disturbance. We suggest a way of using the probability density functions to define an inherent limit of acceptable disturbance (LAD) due to crowding; the LAD can also be set to a desired value by management. Regardless of the definition, LAD can be used to determine the maximum acceptable use level as dictated by crowding considerations. The method gives predictions consistent with previous literature and can be used even when data are collected at low use levels.

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“…No closed options were provided and respondents were not forced to comment on each photograph. Showing the six photographs simultaneously reduced bias associated with presentation order ( Gibson et al, 2014 ). Surveyors took notes on the qualitative comments volunteered by respondents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassessing public opinion of captive cetacean attractions with a photo elicitation survey

Wassermann

Hind-Ozan

Seaman

2018

PeerJ

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BackgroundCaptive cetacean attractions are growing in number globally, their operators citing entertainment, education, and conservation as benefits. Those for and against developing such attractions claim public support. Previous public opinion research, however, shows little consensus, partly due to the introduction of biases in study design that influence participants’ responses. Those involved in, or concerned with, developing and licensing these attractions need to better understand what drives the lack of consensus to take socially-acceptable decisions.MethodsWe reviewed previous research on public opinion of cetacean captivity, noting possible sources of bias. Survey question wording can be a major source of introduced bias, so we used an open-ended photo elicitation approach. We showed tourists in the Turks Caicos Islands (N = 292) images of a marine mammal park (MMP) killer whale show and a swim-with-the-dolphins (SWTD) attraction and asked for their qualitative comments on the potential development of each. They also indicated how likely they would be to visit each on a Likert scale.ResultsRespondents were generally against visiting MMP killer whale shows, with 60.9% not likely to visit. SWTD attractions were more popular; 60.3% were likely to visit. For SWTD, USA residents were more likely to visit; older respondents and those staying in all-inclusive resorts were less likely. Those staying in all-inclusive resorts were also less likely to visit MMP killer whale shows. The great majority of qualitative comments centred on either entertainment value or animal welfare concerns. There were very few, if any, comments on the education or conservation value of these attractions.DiscussionOur findings contradict several previous studies on public opinion of captive cetaceans that did not use photo elicitation. The support shown for MMP killer whale shows in this survey was well below that claimed by studies conducted on behalf of captive cetacean attraction operators. Opposition to SWTD was also noticeably lower than that found in surveys conducted with wild cetacean tourism participants. This difference can likely be attributed to the different survey populations and settings, but this variation is also very likely attributable to researcher-introduced bias. While photo selection can introduce bias, photo elicitation reduces reliance on pre-scripted questions and responses, and seems to effectively reduce other forms of bias. Allowing open-ended responses, where participants responded to an image, seems to have given a more representative understanding of what is at the forefront of the public’s mind than closed questioning. These conclusions, among others made in this study, suggest that development decisions for captive cetacean attractions are being made on imprecise data. Going forward, data collected via responder-led, open-ended, bias-minimising approaches should at least be considered when informing such decisions.

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Photograph Presentation Order and Range Effects in Visual-Based Outdoor Recreation Research

Cited by 33 publications

References 39 publications

Visitor Preferences for Visual Changes in Bark Beetle-Impacted Forest Recreation Settings in the United States and Germany

Visitor Preferences for Visual Changes in Bark Beetle-Impacted Forest Recreation Settings in the United States and Germany

Predicting perceived level of disturbance of visitors due to crowding in protected areas

Reassessing public opinion of captive cetacean attractions with a photo elicitation survey

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