Photoinitiated Bulk and Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene – Evidence for Photo-Controlled Radical Polymerization

Photoinitiated Metal Free Living Radical and Cationic Polymerizations

“…Combining photoinduced electron transfer reactions developed for the conventional systems with controlled polymerization techniques has recently revolutionized the synthesis of well-defined macromolecular architectures [6]. Many attempts have been devoted to apply photochemical systems to existing controlled/living polymerization methodologies by photochemically effecting initiation, mediation and control of these processes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Online Monitoring of a Styrene Monomer and a Dimer in an Emulsion via Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

“…20 LI-TOFMS can produce information about the local microenvironment of an emulsion, and, therefore, we theorized that this technique could be applied to the direct detection of monomers and oligomers generated during emulsion polymerization, which is a polymerization technique. 21,22 Several analytical techniques are available for the measurement of products: light scattering for particle sizes, [23][24][25] size exclusion chromatography for molecular weight distributions, 25,26 and scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy for morphologies. 23,24,26 If the online monitoring of monomers and oligomers during emulsion polymerization using LI-TOFMS could be achieved, the kinetics of the early stages of the reaction could be directly discussed, which is essential for elucidating the appropriate reaction conditions.…”

Dibenzoyldiethylgermane as a visible light photo-reducing agent for CuAAC click reactions

“…67,68 The absorptions in the visible spectral range and molar extinction coefficients of these photoinitiators were increased with the introduction of an additional acyl group. 69,70 In a related work from the authors' laboratory, these photoinitiators were successfully used for the promotion of cationic polymerization, 39,71 the bulk and emulsion polymerization of styrene, 72 and the preparation of block copolymers 73 and polygermanes. 73,74 As part of our continuous interest in investigating, designing, and developing novel photochemical processes for macromolecular synthesis, we herein report the use of a bisacylgermane photoinitiator, namely dibenzoyldiethylgermane for the visible light generation of active copper catalyst for CuAAC reactions.…”