Photoinitiated polymerization in ionic liquids: Kinetics and viscosity effects

New electrolyte membranes for Li-based cells: Methacrylic polymers encompassing pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid by single step photo-polymerisation

“…The different behaviour of the ILPVs systems is consistent with the results reported in the literature [26][27][28][29][30]. ILPV-0 is undergoing a typical bulk polymerisation, while for ILPV-1 and ILPV-2 the polymerisation reaction is assumed to be taking place in a non-aqueous media and the RTIL itself can be seen as the solvent.…”

Photopolymerization of coordinated ionic liquid monomers: Realizing the benefits of structured media using only common reagents

“…As mentioned previously, studies examining the role of ILs as solvents in radical polymerization have shown that ILs are unique, increasing the rate of propagation while decreasing the rate of termination. [39][40][41]72,73 Multiple explanations for this behavior have been proposed, including polarity-associated decreases in the activation energy of polymerization as well as effects resulting from both the inherent viscosity of the solvent as well as specific interactions between the IL media and the monomers. 40,41,72,73 However, several alternative hypotheses have been proposed attributing the improved reaction kinetics of vinyl monomers to the formation of polar and nonpolar domains within the IL solvent.…”

“…[39][40][41]72,73 Multiple explanations for this behavior have been proposed, including polarity-associated decreases in the activation energy of polymerization as well as effects resulting from both the inherent viscosity of the solvent as well as specific interactions between the IL media and the monomers. 40,41,72,73 However, several alternative hypotheses have been proposed attributing the improved reaction kinetics of vinyl monomers to the formation of polar and nonpolar domains within the IL solvent. 42,43,74 Thurecht et al examined the mechanism of radical polymerization of MMA in common IL solvents by determining the effect of several kinetic parameters on the rate of polymerization and polymer molecular weights.…”

New ionic liquids with hydrolytically stable anions as alternatives to hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate salts in the free radical polymerization and preparation of ion-conducting composites

“…[3][4][5][6][14][15][16][17] The influence of ILs on the kinetics of polymerization processes is related to the decrease in the activation energy 5,18,19 and the respective increase in the propagation rate. 4,5,[18][19][20][21][22] At the same time, the rate of termination decreases, 4,5,20,22,23 sometimes even by an order of magnitude, with the increase of IL concentration. 18 The increase in the propagation rate is generally attributed to the increased polarity of the ionic medium in comparison with that of the organic solvents that are traditionally used, whereas the decrease in the termination rate is assumed to be due to the increased viscosity of ILs.…”

“…18 The increase in the propagation rate is generally attributed to the increased polarity of the ionic medium in comparison with that of the organic solvents that are traditionally used, whereas the decrease in the termination rate is assumed to be due to the increased viscosity of ILs. [3][4][5][6]18,20,24,25 Andrzejewska et al 21 detected the phenomenon of viscosity synergism in dimethacrylate monomer/IL mixtures (that is, the viscosity of the mixture is higher than the simple additive combination of the viscosities of the two components); this phenomenon can have an important role in the kinetics of the reaction because the possibility of the gel effect is higher in the IL solution than in the bulk monomer. Schmidt-Naake et al 5 partly explained the reduction of the activation energy of propagation by the specific interaction of ethyl acrylate with ILs and the formation of H-bonds between both the monomer molecules and growing radical chains and the cations and anions of the ILs.…”