Photoinitiators for free-radical-initiated photoimaging systems

Monroe, Bruce M.; Weed, Gregory C.

doi:10.1021/cr00017a019

Cited by 253 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A photoinitiator or photoinitiator system is defined as a molecule or combinations of molecules that, upon absorption of light, initiate the polymerization. 17 In photocurable systems, photoinitiators affect mainly cure speed, yellowing, and cost. 18 However, other factors such as commercial availability (or easy preparation), solubility particularly in a wide range of monomers, storage stability, and low migration, low odor, and nonyellowing properties in the cured films should also be taken into consideration.…”

Section: Photoinitiators: Structure Efficiency and Wavelength Tunabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoinitiated Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

2010

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The use of photoinitiated polymerization is continuously growing in industry as reflected by the large number of applications in not only conventional areas such as coatings, inks, and adhesives but also high-tech domains, optoelectronics, laser imaging, stereolithography, and nanotechnology. In this Perspective, the latest developments in photoinitiating systems for free radical and cationic polymerizations are presented. The potential use of photochemical methods for step-growth polymerization is also highlighted. The goal is, furthermore, to show approaches to overcome problems associated with the efficiency, wavelength flexibility, and environmental and safety issues in all photoinitiating systems for different modes of activation. Much progress has been made in the past 10 years in the preparation of complex and nanostructured macromolecules by using photoinitiated polymerizations. Thus, the new and emerging applications of photoinitiated polymerizations in the field of biomaterials, surface modification, preparation of block and graft copolymers, and nanocomposites have been addressed.

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Section: Photoinitiators: Structure Efficiency and Wavelength Tunabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoinitiated Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

2010

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“…Depending cial applications because of the availability of a on the system, the photoinduced polymerization variety of acrylate prepolymers and a wide specmay include radical, cationic, and anionic chain trum of photoinitiators that effectively respond reactions. Because photoinitiator performance to radiation of wavelengths ranging from UV, 3 remarkably affects the overall performance of visible, 4 and the infrared regions of the spectrum. polymerization systems, significant effort to opThere are four main path ways that lead to radical timize this important component of the polymerintermediate formation:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and study of iodonium borate salts as photoinitiators

Feng

Zang

Martin

et al. 1998

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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Iodonium butyltriphenylborate salts (AI+Ar′Ph3B−R), (Bu) were found to be more efficient than iodonium tetraphenylborate salts (RPh) when used as photoinitiators for the polymerization of acrylates. Relative photodecomposition rates were also different. It was found from a study of the photoreaction of iodonium borate salts with a model monomer, methyl methacrylate, that iodonium butyltriphenylborate salts simultaneously produce a butyl radical from the borate anion and an aryl radical from the iodonium cation upon irradiation. Both radicals initiate polymerization. Iodonium tetraphenylborate salts were found to release an aryl radical, but only from the iodonium cation. Iodonium borate salts exhibit strong absorption below 300 nm with a tail absorption above 400 nm. Thus, iodonium butyltriphenyl borate salts are efficient photoinitiators even when used with visible light. When a photosensitizer such as 5,7‐diiodo‐3‐butoxy‐6‐fluorone is employed, iodonium butyltriphenylborate salts are rendered much more efficient for visible light photopolymerization. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1667–1677, 1998

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“…38,39 HABI derivatives have been used in industry as photo-and thermochromic compounds and also polymerization photoinitiators in imaging materials and holographic photopolymers. 40 In general, it is difficult to observe a reactive intermediate generated in a single crystal of a small molecule by X-ray diffraction, because of difficulty in retaining crystallinity, short lifetime, retardation, and so on. However, we succeeded in observing in situ generated planar radical pairs in a crystal at 103 K in 10% conversion ratio which are in a thermally excited triplet state and can be readily recombined by heating.…”

Section: Step I: Crystal Packing Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray Direct Observation of Reactions and Labile Species on the Basis of Crystal Design

Kawano

2013

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

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This account reviews recent development of in situ crystallographic study of reactive intermediates using the cryotrapping method. Starting from the basic concept of a reaction cavity in a crystal, we succeeded in not only observing photoinduced reactive species such as radical, carbene, and nitrene but also establishing a unique approach, crystalline molecular flask, to observe labile species in chemical reactions in a crystal. On the basis of such a crystalline reaction field design, we successfully observed irreversible reactive intermediates in a crystal.

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Photoinitiators for free-radical-initiated photoimaging systems

Cited by 253 publications

References 16 publications

Photoinitiated Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

Photoinitiated Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

Synthesis and study of iodonium borate salts as photoinitiators

X-ray Direct Observation of Reactions and Labile Species on the Basis of Crystal Design

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