Photoionization/flame-ionization detection of atmospheric hydrocarbons after capillary gas chromatography

Nutmagul, Winai; Cronn, Dagmar R.; Hill, Herbert H.

doi:10.1021/ac00263a036

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The level of atmospheric benzene in urban areas is usually lower than that of toluene (Harkov et al, 1983;Roberts et al, 1984;Wathne, 1983;and references therein) so the ratio of benzene to toluene is lower than one in such samples, with the exception of one ratio of 1.4 reported by Grob and Grob (1971). The average ratio is about 0.5 which agrees with our measurement of 0.5 for the benzene-to-toluene ratio in a small parking lot in Pullman, Washington (Nutmagul et al, 1983). Benzene has the lowest second-order hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant ("-1.2 x 10 -12 cm 3 molec -1 s -1) compared to toluene (~6 x 10 -12 cm 3 molec q s-X), ethylbenzene (~0.8 x 10 -11 cm ~ molec -1 s-l), m-xylene ('-,2.3 x 10 -11 cm 3 molec -1 sq), o-xylene (~1.4 x 10 -11 cm 3 molec q s-l), and p-xylene (~1.3 x 10 -11 cm 3 molec q s -i) at 298 K (Davis et al, 1975;Hansen et al, 1975;Lloyd et al, 1976;Nicovich et al, 1981;Perry et al, 1977;Ravishankara et al, 1978;Tully et al, 1981); consequently, the atmospheric lifetimes of toluene, etc.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Accuracy is estimated to be -+30%. Detection limits in the PID have been reported to be 1.2 pg for aromatics (Nutmagul et al, 1983), which gave detection limits of about 1 ppt at a signalto-noise ratio of 2 : 1 for a 500 ml sample aliquot. Sample aliquots ranged from 500 to 1000 ml.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PID was a commercially available unit (HNU Systems, Inc, Newton, MA) which had been modified for the purpose of detecting trace hydrocarbons in air samples. Details of the modification, installation and optimization of the PID in series with the FID are described elsewhere (Nutmagul et al, 1983). Either of two equivalent chromatographic techniques using two capillary columns (J & W Scientific, Inc., Sacramento, CA) were used with helium as carrier gas.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A six-port gas sampling valve (model 5518, Carle Instruments, Inc., Anaheim, CA) was used to load gas samples into a sample trap loop and to inject samples onto the column. Additional details about sample injection, peak integration, and other GC parameters have been reported (Nutmagul et al, 1983).…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The response of each hydrocarbon in the PID is dependent on several parameters, including the physical and chemical properties of the compound being detected (Nutmagul et al, 1983). Therefore, PID calibration must be made individually for each compound of interest whereas only one standard gas is needed for the FID.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photoionization/flame-ionization detection

Nutmagul

Cronn

1985

J Atmos Chem

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A new gas chromatographic technique with a modified photoionization detector connected in series with a conventional flame ionization detector was used to determine low concentrations of atmospheric hydrocarbons in remote atmospheres. Average mixing ratios of five aromatic hydrocarbons measured between 42°N and 30°S latitude in the Pacific Ocean in October/November 1983 were highest in the Northern Hemisphere. The average mixing ratios in the northern and southern marine atmospheres were 49-+ 25 ppt (n = 35) and 10-+ 2 ppt (n = 21) for benzene, 20 + -12ppt (n = 32) and 5.6 -+ 1.6 ppt (n = 12) for toluene, 7.6 -+ 3.7 ppt (n = 35) and 3.7 -+ 1.6 ppt (n = 21) for ethylbenzene, 25 -+ 12 ppt (n --35) and 13 +-5 ppt (n = 20) for the sum of m-and p-xylenes, and 14 ± 6 ppt (n = 35) and 6.6 +-3.0 ppt (n = 21) for o-xylene, respectively. The first latitudinal gradients for these five aromatic compounds are reported. Benzene and toluene mixing ratios measured between July 1982 and October 1983 at a rural, mid-latitude continental site in eastern Washington state gave average values of 226 +-108 ppt and 133 +-84 ppt, respectively, with higher wintertime than summertime benzene levels. These continental samples gave calculated air mass ages averaging six days based on benzene-to-toluene ratios.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photoionization/flame-ionization detection

Nutmagul

Cronn

1985

J Atmos Chem

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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Rushton,

Kocabas,

Barranco

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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The aliphatic hydrocarbons discussed in this chapter are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known as paraffin hydrocarbons or alkanes, include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula C n H 2 n +2 . The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: ( 1 ) those containing one double bond (ethene and its homologs) and having the formula C n H 2n are known as olefins or alkenes; ( 2 ) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are called acetylenes or alkynes and have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 3 ) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene, and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) are diolefins or alkadienes and also have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 4 ) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion as alkatrienes , alkatetraenes , alkadiynes , alkenynes , and alkadienynes . Aliphatic hydrocarbons have the potential to act as asphyxiants and central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many of the compounds in this category. There is evidence in humans of axonal neuropathy for n ‐hexane and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene. The hepatic and renal systems can be impacted by target organ toxicity, some of which may not be relevant to human.

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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Carreón¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known as paraffin hydrocarbons or alkanes , include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula C n H 2 n +2 . The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: ( 1 ) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula C n H 2 n are known as olefins or alkenes ; ( 2 ) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are called acetylenes or alkynes and have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 3 ) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene, and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) are diolefins or alkadienes and also have the formula C n H 2 n −2 ; ( 4 ) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion as alkatrienes , alkatetraenes , alkadiynes , alkenynes , and alkadienynes . Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants and central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy for n ‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.

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Photoionization/flame-ionization detection of atmospheric hydrocarbons after capillary gas chromatography

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

Determination of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photoionization/flame-ionization detection

Determination of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photoionization/flame-ionization detection

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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