This paper aims to describe the photon beam characteristics in terms of
energy and angular distribution during breast megavoltage photon
radiotherapy of pregnant patients. Photon beam characteristics are
investigated at treatment volume (breast) and the position of the fetus in
the Tena phantom using Monte Carlo simulation. Photon beam energy spectra
are compared across various materials used as substitutes for constructing
physical and computational phantoms. Mean energies calculated in
substitute materials developed by our group and used to build the Tena
phantom, differ up to 10 % from the calculated ones in ICRU reference
tissue materials. It was found acceptable since this is less than the
differences between ICRP and ICRU materials. Then, the photon beam
characteristics are investigated in the anthropomorphic phantom, Tena.
Photon beam mean energy in the fetal region of the phantom (out-of-field) is
significantly lower (more than 1 MeV) than at the breast position
(in-field). The angular distribution of the photon beam at the breast
position predominantly shows a forward direction, whereas, at the fetus
position, the distribution is more scattered. When selecting a detector,
it is crucial to consider the differences in photon energy and angular
distributions between in-field and out-of-field measurement points to
reduce measurement uncertainties and ensure reliable data.