Photon mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients

Hubbell, J.H.

doi:10.1016/0020-708x(82)90248-4

Cited by 1,557 publications

(654 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The attenuation length of X-rays in air at normal conditions is 9:4 Â10 À4 cm À1 for 20 keV and 1:8 Â 10 À4 cm À1 for 100 keV. 15 In these experiments, the travelling distance of X-rays is around 1 m, so we can disregard any attenuation of produced X-rays in air. Figure 3 shows the container and its contents, which are a block of acrylic resin and another block of either copper or lead.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Standoff detection of hidden objects using backscattered ultra-intense laser-produced x-rays

Kuwabara

Mori

Kitagawa

2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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Ultra-intense laser-produced sub-ps X-ray pulses can detect backscattered signals from objects hidden in aluminium containers. Coincident measurements using primary X-rays enable differentiation among acrylic, copper, and lead blocks inside the container. Backscattering reveals the shapes of the objects, while their material composition can be identified from the modification methods of the energy spectra of backscattered X-ray beams. This achievement is an important step toward more effective homeland security.

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Section: Experimental Setup and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Standoff detection of hidden objects using backscattered ultra-intense laser-produced x-rays

Kuwabara

Mori

Kitagawa

2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…This was clear in the provided application using 111In, which bound to transferring, or lactoferrin clears rapidly via urinary excretion and minimizes radiation dose to the whole body or other normal tissues, which is an additional advantage of this radionuclide. The path lengths of the Auger electrons emitted by 111 In range from 0 to 8.6 μm, those of the conversion electrons are from 200 to 600 μm, and the mean free paths for the two γ-rays are approximately 6.5 and 8 cm, respectively [29,34]. Furthermore, this approach is applicable to all tumors, regardless of the tumor type, its receptor density, the receptor heterogeneity, and the vascularity, its hypoxic status, including those that may be refractory to chemo-or radiotherapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decay of radionuclide by electron capture results in the emission of a large number of lowenergy Auger electrons, most of which possess ranges of 0.2 nm in tissue. These short-range electrons and the charge buildup on the daughter atom are responsible for the high linear energy transfer (LET)-type damage produced by radionuclide decays, when incorporated directly into the DNA of target cells [34][35][36], this resembles those produced by X-ray irradiation [5]. However, they do reach the nuclear DNA from the cell surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolated System Towards A Successful Radiotherapy Treatment

Moawad

2010

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Purpose Establishment of the specifications and standards for successful radiotherapy treatments through identifying three objectives: administering the appropriate low-waste dose, developing dose-delivery skills and monitoring an earlier response to therapy. Methods The appropriate low-waste dose is administered via the work-energy principle, considering the interaction between the drug and the tumor as an isolated system. Then, chelated with any compound that could form a lipid-soluble complex with the radioactive metal ions, it is injected directly into the tumor via a multihole needle to improve the distribution of the injectate solution. This can be detected by monitoring the tumor response through newer imaging techniques that combine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET) with CT, so that nonresponding tumors can be identified early to modify the administered dose. Results The accuracy of estimating the initial effective radioactive dose depends on the equivalence of the growth energy of the tumor estimated from the CT scan and the decay energy of the effective radioactive dose. Besides earlier or more accurate assessment of the tumor response by PET with the glucose analogue 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG), this contributes to the most safe and low-cost successful treatment. This approach assessed the therapeutic significance of lipid-soluble compounds with the radioactive metal ions in protecting system isolation, which plays a major role in targeted tumor therapy. Conclusion Treatment success shows that the three identified objectives are completely dependent objectives. It should also be taken into consideration that radionuclide decay-generated Auger electrons may be more effective in very small tumors to avoid a cross dose.

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“…The net kinetic energy of charged particles is in turn, more or less valid approximation to the amount of photon energy made available for the production of chemical, biological and other effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation. The µ en /ρ parameter is more useful in the field of dosimetry for photon energy absorption in the complex medium rather than the µ/ρ for photon interaction [1]. The mass energy-absorption coefficient µ en /ρ is of particular interest (instead of µ/ρ) in medical and biological applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This µ en /ρ is used for computing the energy deposition at a site within a mass of irradiated target material. For detailed discussions and the mathematical expressions for computing this coefficient the reader can refer the work of Berger [2], also to the work of Hubbell [3] widely used as a reference standard, and to the more works of Seltzer [4] and Hubbell and Seltzer [5]. The values of µ/ρ and µ en /ρ for selected lanthanides are taken from the compilation of Hubbell and Seltzer [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Atomic Numbers of Lanthanides with Gamma Radiation for Photon Energy Absorption

Shantappa¹,

Hanagodimath²

2014

Proceedings of the 12th Asia Pacific Physics Conference (APPC12)

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Effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption, Z PEA,eff have been calculated for photon from 1 keV to 20 MeV for selected oxides of lanthanides, such as Lanthanum oxide, Cerium oxide, Samarium oxide, Europium oxide, Dysprosium oxide, Thulium oxide, Ytterbium oxide. The Z PEA,eff values then compared with Z PI,eff for photon interaction. The Z PEA,eff values have been found to change with energy and composition of selected lanthanides. Oxides of lanthanides are considered as better shielding materials to the exposure of gamma radiation. The values of effective atomic number for photon energy absorption help in the calculation of absorbed dose.

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Photon mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients

Cited by 1,557 publications

References 19 publications

Standoff detection of hidden objects using backscattered ultra-intense laser-produced x-rays

Standoff detection of hidden objects using backscattered ultra-intense laser-produced x-rays

Isolated System Towards A Successful Radiotherapy Treatment

Effective Atomic Numbers of Lanthanides with Gamma Radiation for Photon Energy Absorption

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