Photon Transport and Hydrodynamics in Gas‐Liquid Flow Part 2: Characterization of Bubbly Flow in an Advanced‐Flow Reactor

Roibu, Anca; Horn, Clemens R.; Gerven, Tom Van; Kuhn, Simon

doi:10.1002/cptc.202000066

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Their reactors consist of typical fluidic modules (e.g., Lab Reactor ∼2.7 mL, G1 Photo Reactor ∼9 mL, and G3 Photo Reactor ∼60 mL), with the patented heart-shaped designs (Figure E). This shape is used in the reactors available of their Advanced-Flow Reactor (AFR) products because it enhances heat- and mass transfer (e.g., for scaling gas–liquid reactions). The modules can be irradiated by the available (monochromatic) LEDs from both sides, and multiple modules can be connected to scale up total reactor volume and throughput. − Creaflow also offers scalable flow reactors and the oscillatory flow HANU reactors (5–150 mL) is especially designed for photochemistry (Figure F) .…”

Section: Reactor Design and Scale-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry

et al. 2021

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Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.

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Section: Reactor Design and Scale-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry

et al. 2021

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“…A mass flow controller (Brohnkhorst, F-200CV-005) calibrated for O 2 and a double syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus) were used to control the gas and the liquid feed, respectively. The concentration of the tracer was measured using a stainless steel flow cell connected with optical fibers to a deuterium-halogen light source (AvaLight-DH SBAL, Avantes) and a UV–vis spectrometer (AVASPEC-ULS2048CLEVO-RS-UA, Avantes) as described in the work of Roibu et al To initiate the measurement, an external trigger connected to the spectrometer was used. A schematic representation of the experimental setup is provided in Figure .…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling Up 3D-Printed Porous Reactors for the Continuous Synthesis of 2,5-Diformylfuran

Koufou,

Kuhn

2023

ACS Eng. Au

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The present study investigates the potential for scaling up 3D-printed porous reactors at the millimeter scale by integrating different reactor configurations in series. These reactor configurations, ranging from a single reactor (N = 1) to six reactors in series (N = 6), were evaluated for their performance in terms of axial dispersion in a gas−liquid system, with a focus on identifying potential dead zones. The scaled-up reactor systems exhibited a reduced deviation from plug flow behavior, mainly attributed to improved radial mixing maintained throughout the entire length of the porous structures. Among the various configurations tested, the scaled-up system featuring six reactors displayed the highest coefficient of variation (CoV) at approximately 24% for residence times exceeding 100 s. In all cases, the presence of stagnant zones influenced the shape of the residence time distribution (RTD) curves, although in the scaled-up system these stagnant zones did not significantly impact the overall performance or the yield of 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). This was due to the narrow RTD and effective mass transfer between the stagnant and active flow compartments. Notably, the selectivity remained at 100%, and the highest yield of DFF (approximately 81%) was achieved for a residence time of 6.61 min in the scaled-up system. Despite introducing mass transfer limitations when operating at the millimeter scale, the scaled-up system achieved DFF productivity levels comparable to microreaction systems at significantly lower energy dissipation.

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“…It was concluded that the photon flux per unit volume and the hydrodynamics did not depend on the gas content for a wide range of flow conditions, which showed the high flexibility of the AFR. In that work, an empirical formula was suggested for the optical path length [76].…”

Section: Photon Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

Kayahan

Jacobs

Braeken³

et al. 2020

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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Photochemical activation routes are gaining the attention of the scientific community since they can offer an alternative to the traditional chemical industry that mainly utilizes thermochemical activation of molecules. Photoreactions are fast and selective, which would potentially reduce the downstream costs significantly if the process is optimized properly. With the transition towards green chemistry, the traditional batch photoreactor operation is becoming abundant in this field. Process intensification efforts led to micro- and mesostructured flow photoreactors. In this work, we are reviewing structured photoreactors by elaborating on the bottleneck of this field: the development of an efficient scale-up strategy. In line with this, micro- and mesostructured bench-scale photoreactors were evaluated based on a new benchmark called photochemical space time yield (mol·day−1·kW−1), which takes into account the energy efficiency of the photoreactors. It was manifested that along with the selection of the photoreactor dimensions and an appropriate light source, optimization of the process conditions, such as the residence time and the concentration of the photoactive molecule is also crucial for an efficient photoreactor operation. In this paper, we are aiming to give a comprehensive understanding for scale-up strategies by benchmarking selected photoreactors and by discussing transport phenomena in several other photoreactors.

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Photon Transport and Hydrodynamics in Gas‐Liquid Flow Part 2: Characterization of Bubbly Flow in an Advanced‐Flow Reactor

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry

Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry

Scaling Up 3D-Printed Porous Reactors for the Continuous Synthesis of 2,5-Diformylfuran

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

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