Photonic band gaps in three dimensions: New layer-by-layer periodic structures

Ho, K. M.; Chan, Che Ting; Soukoulis, C. M.; Biswas, Rana; Sigalas, M. M.

doi:10.1016/0038-1098(94)90202-x

Cited by 752 publications

(505 citation statements)

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“…[60] If the ink rheology is properly designed, the deposited filaments maintain their cylindrical shape while spanning unsupported regions in the structure, yet adhere to both the substrate and the underlying layers. By means of this method, layerby-layer [27] and woodpile [61] structures have been obtained. [55] The introduction of line defects can be easily achieved by modifying the computer design to move or remove individual lines (Fig.…”

Section: Direct Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithographic approaches are highly suitable for forming woodpile structures consisting of high-dielectric-constant rods assembled such that the contact points form a diamond lattice. [27] Noda and co-workers developed a 'wafer-fusion' method in which multiple layers are created on separate substrates and then aligned and fused together. [28] Leaving one or more rods out of the original pattern yields defects in the final 3D structure, for example, waveguide structures with sharp bends (Fig.…”

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Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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Section: Direct Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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“…Structured dielectric materials in three dimensions can exhibit photonic properties that allow control of the propagation of light [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. For crystalline structures, a complete or incomplete photonic band gap emerges and the propagation of light is hindered or even completely suppressed over a certain range of wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct laser writing of three-dimensional network structures as templates for disordered photonic materials

2013

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In the present article we substantially expand on our recent study about the fabrication of mesoscale polymeric templates of disordered photonic network materials [Haberko and Scheffold, Opt. Expr. 21, 1057 (2013)]. We present a detailed analysis and discussion of important technical aspects related to the fabrication and characterization of these fascinating materials. Compared to our initial report we were able to reduce the typical structural length scale of the seed pattern from a = 3.3 μm to a = 2 μm, bringing it closer to the technologically relevant fiber-optic communications wavelength range around λ ∼ 1.5 μm. We have employed scanning electron microscopy coupled with focused ion beam cutting to look inside the bulk of the samples of different heights. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to assess the real space structure of the samples fabricated by direct laser writing. We address in detail questions about scalability, finite size effects, and geometrical distortions. We also study the effect of the lithographic voxel shape, that is, the ellipsoidal shape of the laser pen used in the fabrication process. To this end we employ detailed numerical modeling of the scattering function using a discrete dipole approximation scheme.

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“…The separation between the vertical columns is not much larger than the separation between the horizontal filamentary layers, so that this criss-crossed structure should be classified as a 3D photonic crystal, if the disorder is put aside. The characteristic of this structure is that the empty region is singly connected, as in artificial structures like the woodpile photonic crystal [27,28], or in other natural structures like the tree-like shaped ridges of the Morpho butterfly [29]. The structure's fully connected empty space will propagate water if the material surface (columns and filaments) is reasonably hydrophilic.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscope Images Of the Cuticlementioning

confidence: 99%