Recent progress in using photonics for highly-accurate analog-to-digital conversion of wideband RF signals is reviewed, its capabilities and limitations are discussed. A down-converting electronic-photonic ADC digitizing a 41GHz tone with 16fs equivalent jitter is presented.
IntroductionWith several decades of research in photonic analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) [1,2], last few years have seen a renewed interest in this technology [3][4][5][6][7], considered as capable of delivering orders-of-magnitude improvement in accurate digitization of high-speed RF signals. The progress in electronic ADC performance is facing two major challenges: aperture jitter of the sampling clock and comparator ambiguity [8]. In the photonic approach, the problem of aperture jitter is addressed by sampling the RF signal optically with ultra-stable pulse trains available from mode-locked lasers; the timing jitter of such pulse trains can approach few attoseconds [9][10][11][12], which is over four orders of magnitude less than the jitter in state-of-the-art electronic ADCs [8]. The second challengecomparator ambiguity -is completely eliminated by separating the fast RF signal into multiple slower channels, using a time- . What makes these developments especially exciting is that with the recent progress made in silicon photonic and electronic-photonic integration technologies [20][21][22], it becomes feasible to transfer the photonic ADC systems from an optical table to a single silicon chip. This means that the road is now open to the arrival of an accurate, high-speed, integrated electronic-photonic ADC as a practical consumer product.In this presentation, we will overview recent progress made in photonic ADCs, explain the principles and main schemes for photonic analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, present some of our results on the way to build a monolithic photonic ADC, and speculate about the future of photonic ADC technology.