Photonic crystal with diamondlike structure fabricated by holographic lithography

Abstract

In this letter, we report a diamondlike structure. Our theoretical analysis reveals that a large complete band gap exists between the second and third bands with only a very low refractive index is needed (n⩾2.05) to open the complete band gap for this inverse structure. Large-scale and high-quality three-dimensional structures with this diamondlike symmetry are fabricated by a holographic lithography method using four laser beams incident from the same half-space. The beam geometry is similar to that for the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure except that the central beam is circularly polarized and the polarizations of the three outer beams must be optimized, which is critical to construct this diamondlike interference pattern.

Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material

“…By optimizing the photoresist initiation system, they observed that the measured peak reflectance is 70%, which is significantly higher than that of typical fabricated crystals and only about 30% for common polymeric templates [33,40,104,105,114].…”

“…To achieve CBGs in PCs made by the photoresist, i.e., to increase the refractive index contrast to 2 or more [36][37][38][39][40], there are two feasible solutions. i) PCs made by the photoresist can be used as templates for the production of inverse replica structures, for example, by filling the void with high refractive index and burning out or dissolving it [20,23,[102][103][104][105] and ii) by doping metal nanoparticles in the photoresist [94,[106][107][108][109].…”

“…However, only some materials with low refractive index can be used for such a fabricating. According to some theoretical analyses [36][37][38][39][40], the complete band gap (CBG) can only appear in some PCs when the modulation of the refractive index of the material should be larger than 2.0. Then, the question is whether or not the PCs with the CBG can be obtained by using such a method?…”

Multi-Beam Interference Advances and Applications: Nano-Electronics, Photonic Crystals, Metamaterials, Subwavelength Structures, Optical Trapping, and Biomedical Structures

“…In the late 1990s, interference lithography was used to produce 2D [158] PC lattices exhibiting a photonic bandgap and later 3D face-centered cubic [157] PC structures as depicted in Figure 7(a). Since then, MBIL has been extensively studied, optimized, and used to fabricate PCs [109,184,[198][199][200][201][202][203] with ongoing efforts to develop PC-based devices through a combination of lithography techniques such as the PC waveguide depicted in Figure 7(b). In fact, the design rules for MBIL-defined PC waveguide devices have been theoretically defined, when interference lithography is combined with direct laser writing [204].…”

Enhanced tunable Bragg diffraction in large-pore inverse opals using dual-frequency liquid crystal

“…2,3 Several groups have reported approaches to fabricating three-dimensional photonic crystals to achieve photonic band gaps ͑PBGs͒ with defect doping for in-PBG mode control and waveguiding. [4][5][6][7][8][9] The ability to dynamically tune the properties of photonic crystal ͑PC͒ devices by manipulating the dielectric contrast through the incorporation/infiltration of liquid crystals ͑LCs͒ has been explored by several groups as well. 10,11 Many applications in active photonic devices, such as displays, switches, and dynamic lenses, provide a strong motivation to further enhance and develop approaches to dynamic tunability.…”