Photonuclear production of 47Ca for 47Ca/47Sc generator from natural CaCO3 targets

Kankanamalage, Pavithra H.A.; Brossard, Thomas; Song, Jeongseog; Nolen, J.A.; Rotsch, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110943

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…To mitigate this, gamma co-emission is employed, but it must be in equilibrium with the parent nuclide [ 65 ]. Scandium-47 is even more appealing, as it has the same kinetic characteristics with Sc-43 and Sc-44 for diagnostics and can be independently used in a medication derivative to treat cancer disorders [ 64 , 66 , 67 ]. However, Sc-47 cannot be currently manufactured in the volumes needed for therapeutic use [ 29 , 58 ].…”

Section: Properties and Effects Of Scandium In The Context Of Nuclear...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its low production rate/yield, high cost, and challenges in achieving sufficiently high isotopic purity, Sc-43 is currently more difficult to produce than other isotopes [ 29 , 59 , 67 ]. On the other hand, the exploitation of Sc-44 has recently progressed further in terms of production, preclinical research, and human application studies [ 29 , 43 , 61 , 67 , 68 ].…”

Section: Properties and Effects Of Scandium In The Context Of Nuclear...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards Clinical Development of Scandium Radioisotope Complexes for Use in Nuclear Medicine: Encouraging Prospects with the Chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) and Its Analogues

Ioannidis,

Lefkaritis,

Georgiades

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Scandium (Sc) isotopes have recently attracted significant attention in the search for new radionuclides with potential uses in personalized medicine, especially in the treatment of specific cancer patient categories. In particular, Sc-43 and Sc-44, as positron emitters with a satisfactory half-life (3.9 and 4.0 h, respectively), are ideal for cancer diagnosis via Positron Emission Tomography (PET). On the other hand, Sc-47, as an emitter of beta particles and low gamma radiation, may be used as a therapeutic radionuclide, which also allows Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging. As these scandium isotopes follow the same biological pathway and chemical reactivity, they appear to fit perfectly into the “theranostic pair” concept. A step-by-step description, initiating from the moment of scandium isotope production and leading up to their preclinical and clinical trial applications, is presented. Recent developments related to the nuclear reactions selected and employed to produce the radionuclides Sc-43, Sc-44, and Sc-47, the chemical processing of these isotopes and the main target recovery methods are also included. Furthermore, the radiolabeling of the leading chelator, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), and its structural analogues with scandium is also discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of scandium complexation are evaluated. Finally, a review of the preclinical studies and clinical trials involving scandium, as well as future challenges for its clinical uses and applications, are presented.

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Section: Properties and Effects Of Scandium In The Context Of Nuclear...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Properties and Effects Of Scandium In The Context Of Nuclear...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Clinical Development of Scandium Radioisotope Complexes for Use in Nuclear Medicine: Encouraging Prospects with the Chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) and Its Analogues

Ioannidis,

Lefkaritis,

Georgiades

et al. 2024

IJMS

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“…Chemical isolation of scandium-47 from the target material enabled the formulation of up to 1.5 GBq of scandium-47 with high radionuclidic purity (>99.99%) in a small volume (~700 µL) [22]. Another approach is production via photonuclear reaction 48 Ca(γ,n) 47 Ca-> 47 Sc, but the effects of irradiation of the nat CaCl 2 target reached only 1-1.5 MBq of scandium-47 in eluate [31]. Using an enriched calcium-48 target increases results up to tens of MBq activity of scandium-47 [32].…”

Section: Production Of Scandium Radioisotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecules 2023, 28, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19 scandium-47 in eluate [31]. Using an enriched calcium-48 target increases results up to tens of MBq activity of scandium-47 [32].…”

Section: Separation and Preconcentration Of Cyclotron-produced Scandiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Scandium Radioisotopes—Toward New Targets and Imaging Modalities

Kilian,

Pyrzyńska

2023

Molecules

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The concept of theranostics uses radioisotopes of the same or chemically similar elements to label biological ligands in a way that allows the use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation for a combined diagnosis and treatment regimen. For scandium, radioisotopes -43 and -44 can be used as diagnostic markers, while radioisotope scandium-47 can be used in the same configuration for targeted therapy. This work presents the latest achievements in the production and processing of radioisotopes and briefly characterizes solutions aimed at increasing the availability of these radioisotopes for research and clinical practice.

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Production of high purity 47Sc from proton irradiation of natural vanadium targets

Cingoranelli,

Putnam,

Appiah

et al. 2024

EJNMMI radiopharm. chem.

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Background Scandium-47 is the therapeutic counterpart to the diagnostic radionuclides, 43 Sc and 44 Sc. Together, these form elementally matched theranostic nuclide pairs, but their incorporation into radiopharmaceuticals requires developing production techniques leading to radioscandium isotopes with high chemical and radionuclidic purity. Previous 47 Sc production methods involved expensive, enriched titanium targets that require additional procedures for target recovery. This work investigates the irradiation of natural vanadium targets and the development of purification methods for high-purity 47 Sc. Natural vanadium foils were used in cyclotron target configurations. Targets were irradiated with 24 MeV protons at currents of up to 80 µA. A purification method was developed by determining the K d values of Sc, Cr, and V using MP-50 resin. The final purification method used MP-50 and CM resin columns to isolate the 47 Sc from nat V and co-produced 51 Cr. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), gamma-ray spectroscopy, and a DOTA titration were used to characterize the 47 Sc product. Results Two cyclotron targets were designed, a small-scale target for developing a purification procedure and a high-power target for scaled-up production. The high-power target maximum current was 80 µA of 24 MeV protons. The yield for an 8 h irradiation at 80 µA of 24 MeV protons, was 128.02 ± 11.1 MBq of 47 Sc at End of Bombardment. The radionuclidic purity of 47 Sc was 99.5 ± 0.2%. The purification using MP-50 and CM columns resulted in the removal of nat V target and 51 Cr contaminate in the final 47 Sc product, with an average recovery of 72 ± 2.1% and a DOTA apparent molar activity of 7733 ± 155 MBq/µmol. ICP-MS results showed that all top-row transition metals were below the limit of detection (< 1 ppb) with the exception of Zn, which was 64.6 ± 10.3 ppb. Conclusions A high-power cyclotron target capable of withstanding a proton current of 80 µA was developed. A novel separation method was developed for isolating the 47 Sc from the vanadium target and the co-produced 51 Cr contaminate. The final product characterization resulted in a chemically and radionuclidically pure 47 Sc product with high recovery yields. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41181-024-00321-8.

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Photonuclear production of 47Ca for 47Ca/47Sc generator from natural CaCO3 targets

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Towards Clinical Development of Scandium Radioisotope Complexes for Use in Nuclear Medicine: Encouraging Prospects with the Chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) and Its Analogues

Towards Clinical Development of Scandium Radioisotope Complexes for Use in Nuclear Medicine: Encouraging Prospects with the Chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) and Its Analogues

Scandium Radioisotopes—Toward New Targets and Imaging Modalities

Production of high purity 47Sc from proton irradiation of natural vanadium targets

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