Photoperiodic Control of Developmental Diapause in Nymphs of Prostriate Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

Belozerov, V. N.; Fourie, L.J.; Kok, D. J.

doi:10.1023/a:1025377829119

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…(summarized in Belozerov et al, 2002) clearly demonstrated its existence in I. ricinus larvae and nymphs and there is some evidence that an egg diapause occurs (Belozerov, 1973; Gray, 1982). However, a pre-ovipositional diapause, which features in the life cycles of many metastriate ticks and some other Ixodes spp.…”

Section: Diapause In Ixodes Ricinusmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Few reviews of tick diapause have been published, the most complete being those of Belozerov (1982, 2009) on both argasid and ixodid ticks, and another more focused review restricted to the prostriate ( Ixodes spp.) ticks and to one form of diapause only, developmental diapause (Belozerov et al, 2002). Although pro viding much information, especially on environmental triggers of diapause initiation/termination, these reviews do not appear to have resulted in much clarity and understanding of how diapause phenomena regulate Ixodes spp.…”

Section: Nature Of Dormancy Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex

Gray

Kahl²,

Lane

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

154

157

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Four members of the Ixodes ricinus species complex, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis, have, between them, a worldwide distribution within the northern hemisphere. They are responsible for the transmission of several animal and human pathogens, including the causal agents of Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis and human babesiosis. Despite the importance of these ticks as vectors, the knowledge and understanding of the role that diapause plays in their complex life cycles are confused and incomplete. In view of the continuing geographic spread of these tick species, as well as the effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases, it is timely encourage research on diapause phenomena to improve understanding of their biology and of pathogen transmission dynamics. In our review we seek to clarify thinking on the topic and to address gaps in our knowledge that require the attention of researchers.

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Section: Diapause In Ixodes Ricinusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Nature Of Dormancy Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex

Gray

Kahl²,

Lane

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

154

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similarly, if we assume that larval development and emergence will be accelerated relative to nymphs in a warming Northeast (e.g. if nymphal emergence is primary controlled by photoperiod [ 113 , 114 ]), then we would expect less persistent B. burgdorferi strains to become more common. An analysis of tick phenology in a warming climate by Levi et al [ 115 ], however, indicates that activity peaks of both larval and nymphal I. scapularis s have advanced equally over the past 20 years, in which case the persistent strains should remain dominant.…”

Section: Climate Effects On Phenology and Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change andIxodestick-borne diseases of humans

Ostfeld

Brunner

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

258

216

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The evidence that climate warming is changing the distribution of Ixodes ticks and the pathogens they transmit is reviewed and evaluated. The primary approaches are either phenomenological, which typically assume that climate alone limits current and future distributions, or mechanistic, asking which tick-demographic parameters are affected by specific abiotic conditions. Both approaches have promise but are severely limited when applied separately. For instance, phenomenological approaches (e.g. climate envelope models) often select abiotic variables arbitrarily and produce results that can be hard to interpret biologically. On the other hand, although laboratory studies demonstrate strict temperature and humidity thresholds for tick survival, these limits rarely apply to field situations. Similarly, no studies address the influence of abiotic conditions on more than a few life stages, transitions or demographic processes, preventing comprehensive assessments. Nevertheless, despite their divergent approaches, both mechanistic and phenomenological models suggest dramatic range expansions of Ixodes ticks and tick-borne disease as the climate warms. The predicted distributions, however, vary strongly with the models' assumptions, which are rarely tested against reasonable alternatives. These inconsistencies, limited data about key tick-demographic and climatic processes and only limited incorporation of non-climatic processes have weakened the application of this rich area of research to public health policy or actions. We urge further investigation of the influence of climate on vertebrate hosts and tick-borne pathogen dynamics. In addition, testing model assumptions and mechanisms in a range of natural contexts and comparing their relative importance as competing models in a rigorous statistical framework will significantly advance our understanding of how climate change will alter the distribution, dynamics and risk of tick-borne disease.

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“…Therefore, the length and timing of the life cycle can be impacted by both ambient temperature-dependent quiescence of activity and development and temperature-independent, day-length-induced behavioral or developmental diapause. The interplay between temperature-dependent mechanisms and temperature-independent diapause inducement and termination drivers remain to be fully deduced for I. scapularis across its extensive geographic range (Sonenshine 1993, Belozerov et al 2002, Belozerov and Naumov 2002, Ogden et al 2004). The fact that this tick is successfully established in areas with a very wide range of local climates—from Florida to southeastern Canada—raises the possibility that plasticity in temperature-dependent and independent determinants of the life cycle phenology may be present.…”

Section: General Introduction To I Scapularis and I Pacificusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkages of Weather and Climate WithIxodes scapularisandIxodes pacificus(Acari: Ixodidae), Enzootic Transmission ofBorrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme Disease in North America

et al. 2015

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Lyme disease has increased both in incidence and geographic extent in the United States and Canada over the past two decades. One of the underlying causes is changes during the same time period in the distribution and abundance of the primary vectors: Ixodes scapularis Say and Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls in eastern and western North America, respectively. Aside from short periods of time when they are feeding on hosts, these ticks exist in the environment where temperature and relative humidity directly affect their development, survival, and host-seeking behavior. Other important factors that strongly influence tick abundance as well as the proportion of ticks infected with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, include the abundance of hosts for the ticks and the capacity of tick hosts to serve as B. burgdorferi reservoirs. Here, we explore the linkages between climate variation and: 1) duration of the seasonal period and the timing of peak activity; 2) geographic tick distributions and local abundance; 3) enzootic B. burgdorferi transmission cycles; and 4) Lyme disease cases. We conclude that meteorological variables are most influential in determining host-seeking phenology and development, but, while remaining important cofactors, additional variables become critical when exploring geographic distribution and local abundance of ticks, enzootic transmission of B. burgdorferi, and Lyme disease case occurrence. Finally, we review climate change-driven projections for future impact on vector ticks and Lyme disease and discuss knowledge gaps and research needs.

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Photoperiodic Control of Developmental Diapause in Nymphs of Prostriate Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex

Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex

Climate change andIxodestick-borne diseases of humans

Linkages of Weather and Climate WithIxodes scapularisandIxodes pacificus(Acari: Ixodidae), Enzootic Transmission ofBorrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme Disease in North America

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