Photopolymerized Sol−Gel Monoliths for Capillary Electrochromatography

Dulay, Maria T.; Quirino, Joselito P.; Bennett, Bryson D.; Kato, Masaru; Zare, Richard N.

doi:10.1021/ac0100749

Cited by 124 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Zare's group also adopted the process to prepare photopolymerized sol-gel monoliths in a single step (40). Addition polymerization and polycondensation of [3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] methacrylate proceeded simultaneously in the presence of a porogen.…”

Section: New Capillary Column Technologies and Chemistriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Švec

Huber²

2006

Anal. Chem.

359

206

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A single-piece permeable mass can separate better than a cluster of packed particles.A P R I L 1 , 2 0 0 6 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y 2 1 0 1there is a lot of buzz in separations science about the porous materials known as monoliths. Monoliths are used mostly as separation media and supports, and each one can be roughly compared to a single porous "particle". Monoliths are an alternative to columns packed with particulate stationary phases, which chromatographers have used for >100 years. Although that technology is well developed, it is not flawless. Packed columns have rather large void volumes; this is an inevitable result of the particulate character of the packing. Even in a perfectly organized array of monodisperse spheres, ~30% of the volume is interstitial voids. In reality, the percentage is even larger. As a consequence, a significant part of the column volume is not used for separation.However, this is not the only problem. Consider what happens when a mobile phase is pumped through a column packed with a standard porous packing. The liquid flows readily through the interstitial voids between the particles, where resistance to its flow is the smallest (Figure 1a). In contrast, the liquid in the pores remains stagnant. If a sample is injected into the stream of the mobile phase, the compounds in the sample will also be carried through the voids. However, diffusion occurs because of the concentration gradient between the compounds in solution flowing through the interstices and the stagnant liquid within the pores of the packing, and transport of these compounds into the pores results. Once the concentration "pulse" has passed by the bead, the compounds diffuse back from the pores into the surrounding liquid; eventually, only the original stagnant phase remains within the pores.

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Section: New Capillary Column Technologies and Chemistriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Švec

Huber²

2006

Anal. Chem.

359

206

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“…Since the monolithic material is present throughout the entire capillary, including the detection window, optical detection is impaired unless a detection capillary is joined to the separation capillary [50]. However, the in situ synthesis of RP sol-gel monoliths in silica capillaries demonstrated by Zare and coworkers [51] using photopolymerised sol-gel (PSG) offers an interesting alternative. The nature of the photoinitiated polymerisation allowed the confinement of the monolith in the irradiated part of the capillary column and furthermore has been demonstrated in the successful preparation within microchip channels [52].…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic stationary phases for fast ion chromatography and capillary electrochromatography of inorganic ions

Schaller

Hilder

Haddad³

2006

J of Separation Science

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Review Monolithic stationary phases for fast ion chromatography and capillary electrochromatography of inorganic ionsThe focus of this review is on current developments in monolithic stationary phases for the fast analysis of inorganic ions and other small molecules in ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), concentrating in particular on the properties of organic (polymer) monolithic materials in comparison to inorganic (silica-based) monoliths. The applicability of these materials for fast IC is discussed in the context of recent publications, including the range of synthesis and modification procedures described. While commercial monolithic silica columns already show promising results on current IC instrumentation, polymer-based monolithic stationary phases are currently predominantly used in the capillary format on modified micro-IC systems. However, they are beginning to find application in IC particularly under high pH conditions, with the potential to replace their particle-packed counterparts.

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“…Toluene has also been used as a porogen for the preparation of a photopolymerized sol-gel (PSG) monolith. 24,25 When the proper porogen is used, spinodal decomposition occurs, and a porous monolith is produced. Spinodal decomposition is a clustering reaction in a homogeneous solution.…”

Section: ·2 Bimodal Monolithsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Biomolecules into analytical Systems by Means of Silica Sol-Gel Technology

Sakai‐Kato

Ishikura

2009

ANAL. SCI.

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Biomolecules, especially large polymeric molecules such as enzymes and antibodies, mediate various biological functions, including biochemical reactions and molecular recognition, with high reactivity, efficiency, selectivity and accuracy. Many researchers have investigated methods to take advantage of these characteristics in analytical devices. One way to accomplish this is to immobilize biomolecules in the devices. For example, biomolecules have been immobilized by means of silica sol-gel technology and used for basic research in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Proteins encapsulated by this method retain their structure and biological activity for a prolonged period. This review describes methodologies for immobilization of biomolecules and the applications of sol-gel technology to analytical devices, especially flow-through systems.

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Photopolymerized Sol−Gel Monoliths for Capillary Electrochromatography

Cited by 124 publications

References 22 publications

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Monolithic Materials: Promises, Challenges, Achievements

Monolithic stationary phases for fast ion chromatography and capillary electrochromatography of inorganic ions

Integration of Biomolecules into analytical Systems by Means of Silica Sol-Gel Technology

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