Photoprogrammable Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Zacharias, Philipp; Gather, Malte C.; Köhnen, Anne; Rehmann, Nina; Meerholz, Klaus

doi:10.1002/anie.200805969

Cited by 112 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For instance, very elegant photoprogrammable signage was demonstrated using large-area OLEDs with optical memory capabilities. [ 7 ] A facile switching of photochromic compounds between two different molecular forms inspired their application in the design of memory devices. The simplest diode-type memory cell confi guration comprises a photochromic material sandwiched between two electrodes.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aelm201500219mentioning

confidence: 99%

OFET‐Based Memory Devices Operating via Optically and Electrically Modulated Charge Separation between the Semiconductor and 1,2‐bis(Hetaryl)ethene Dielectric Layers

Frolova

Rezvanova

Ширинян

et al. 2015

Adv Elect Materials

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semiconductor and dielectric. [23][24][25][26][27] The latter approach seems to be the most promising. It is known that the highest density of charge carriers in operating OFET fl ows in a few molecular layers of semiconductor adjacent to dielectric. [ 28 ] Therefore, photoisomerization of a photochromic compound at the dielectric/semiconductor interface changes signifi cantly electrical characteristics of the conducting channel (density of traps/carriers, electrical permittivity, capacitance) and the device itself thus providing the required photoswitching effect.While comparing the characteristics of the OFET-based memory elements, few important parameters should be considered. First of all, it is a switching coeffi cient defi ned as k sw = I DS (1)/ I DS (2), where I DS (1) and I DS (2) correspond to the drain currents of the OFET in states 1 and 2, respectively, measured at the same gate voltage V GS = const, which shows how strong is the hysteresis in the electrical characteristics of the transistor or how wide is the memory window. The device operating voltages, a programming speed, and a long-term stability of the distinct electrical states (retention characteristics) are also crucially important.Analyzing previous reports on the OFET-based optical memories comprising photochromic materials, one can notice their low switching coeffi cients which stay typically below 10 and hardly exceed 100 for the best examples (Table S1, Supporting Information). These devices typically operate at high voltages (30-100 V), while their programming is very slow and requires light illumination within tens of seconds or even minutes. To make this type of memory elements more interesting for practical applications one has to improve signifi cantly their characteristics. We have reported very recently memory elements based on a photochromic spirooxazine which showed decent operating voltages (<5 V) and reasonably high switching coefficients of ≈10 3 . [ 29 ] Unfortunately, the programming speeds were still rather low mainly due to fundamental limitations of the used materials and the device architecture.Here we present a concept of the memory elements operating via optically and electrically triggered charge separation between the organic semiconductor ([60]fullerene) and the photochromic dielectric (specially designed 1,2-bis(hetaryl) ethene) layers. The proposed approach allowed us to decrease the device programming time by three orders of magnitude down to few milliseconds with a high potential to reach practically interesting microsecond operation regime. Additionally, the designed devices showed exceptionally wide memory windows refl ected by the switching coeffi cients of ≈10 5 at reasonably low operation voltages (3-10 V).

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Section: Doi: 101002/aelm201500219mentioning

confidence: 99%

OFET‐Based Memory Devices Operating via Optically and Electrically Modulated Charge Separation between the Semiconductor and 1,2‐bis(Hetaryl)ethene Dielectric Layers

Frolova

Rezvanova

Ширинян

et al. 2015

Adv Elect Materials

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“…Dithienylethene (DE) derivatives [17][18][19][20] are one class of the most attractive photoresponsive materials because of their outstanding fatigue resistance, thermal stability, and ability to undergo conformational changes between open and closed forms via photoisomerization, and therefore they are regarded as promising materials for the fabrication of photodynamically controllable luminescent devices [ 21,22 ] as well as photodynamically color-tunable systems. [23][24][25][26][27] The DE derivatives are also known to display luminescent color changes via photoisomerization.…”

Section: Wileyonlinelibrarycommentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Control of Full‐Colored Emission and Quenching of Photoresponsive Conjugated Polymers by Photostimuli

Watanabe

Hayasaka

Miyashita

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

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wileyonlinelibrary.comand aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) characteristics were reported in selected ACPs. [14][15][16] Therefore, it is of great interest to investigate ACPs in the aggregated state that are quite different from those the isolated chain state.The polymer nanosphere solution can be treated as an intermediate state between a solution state and a solid fi lm state because the polymer nanoparticles uniformly disperse in a solvent, similar to their behavior in solution, whereas the polymer chains aggregate with each other, similarly to their behavior in a solid fi lm. In other words, the polymer nanosphere solution can be regarded as a dispersed nano-ordered crystalline polymer system. This bilateral character of the nanosphere solution causes the polymer to exhibit high processability and fl uidity as well as aggregation effects. In addition, the polymer nanosphere solution enables quantitative analysis of the aggregated state of polymers from the spectroscopic point of view. Hence, the polymer nanosphere solution is useful for understanding the aggregation effect on ACPs as compared with the solution and solid fi lm states.Dynamic control of the fl uorescence of ACPs using an external light stimulus is of particular interest because such photoresponsive polymers are essential for next-generation optoelectronic materials. Dithienylethene (DE) derivatives [17][18][19][20] are one class of the most attractive photoresponsive materials because of their outstanding fatigue resistance, thermal stability, and ability to undergo conformational changes between open and closed forms via photoisomerization, and therefore they are regarded as promising materials for the fabrication of photodynamically controllable luminescent devices [ 21,22 ] as well as photodynamically color-tunable systems. [23][24][25][26][27] The DE derivatives are also known to display luminescent color changes via photoisomerization. [ 20,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Similarly, conjugated polymers that contain DE moieties in the polymer backbones exhibit photochromism. [ 20,[38][39][40][41] The chromism in both absorption and luminescence of the conjugated polymers is attributed to structural changes in the conjugated backbones resulting from the DE photoisomerization. Hence, it is necessary to properly design the molecular structure to realize the desired switching behavior and fl uorescent colors.It is well known that in ACP nanoparticles doped with luminescent dopants, the ACP fl uorescence is almost completely quenched and the fl uorescence of the dopant is mainly

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“…Environment-sensitive materials are becoming increasingly attractive owing to their potential applications in molecular switches, [1][2][3][4] logic gates, [5] optical data storage, [6] optoelectronic devices, [7] controllable drug delivery, [8] etc. Compared to the monotone sensitive type, the environment-sensitive materials have been developed to various sensitive types including light, electricity, force, gas, magnet, and chemical compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-color Multiresponsive Rhodamine Derivative and its Photochromic Enhancement Behavior in Polyurethane

Zeng¹,

Li²,

Zhang³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering (AMCCE 201

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Abstract. In this study, a rhodamine derivative (RH-PY) with dual color (blue green to orange) and multiple response (light, acid gas, and force) was synthesized. The photochromic enhancement behavior of rhodamine derivative in polyurethane matrix was explored. By complexing polyurethane with RH-PY, the open-form lifetime of RH-PY can extend from 3 days to more than one month. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest open-form lifetime of rhodamine derivatives reported so far. Rhodamine with long open-form lifetime has great potential in developing outstanding photochromic materials. This method is simple and inexpensive, and non-covalent preparation suits for more rhodamine derivatives.

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Photoprogrammable Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Cited by 112 publications

References 25 publications

OFET‐Based Memory Devices Operating via Optically and Electrically Modulated Charge Separation between the Semiconductor and 1,2‐bis(Hetaryl)ethene Dielectric Layers

OFET‐Based Memory Devices Operating via Optically and Electrically Modulated Charge Separation between the Semiconductor and 1,2‐bis(Hetaryl)ethene Dielectric Layers

Dynamic Control of Full‐Colored Emission and Quenching of Photoresponsive Conjugated Polymers by Photostimuli

Dual-color Multiresponsive Rhodamine Derivative and its Photochromic Enhancement Behavior in Polyurethane

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