Photoreactive Carboxybetaine Copolymers Impart Biocompatibility and Inhibit Plasticizer Leaching on Polyvinyl Chloride

Abstract

Protein and cell interactions on implanted, blood-contacting medical device surfaces can lead to adverse biological reactions. Medical-grade poly­(vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials have been used for decades, particularly as blood-contacting tubes and containers. However, there are numerous concerns with their performance including platelet activation, complement activation, and thrombin generation and also leaching of plasticizers, particularly in clinical applications. Here, we report a surface modification method that can dramatically prevent blood protein adsorption, human platelet activation, and complement activation on commercial medical-grade PVC materials under various test conditions. The surface modification can be accomplished through simple dip-coating followed by light illumination utilizing biocompatible polymers comprising zwitterionic carboxybetaine (CB) moieties and photosensitive cross-linking moieties. This surface treatment can be manufactured routinely at small or large scales and can impart to commercial PVC materials superhydrophilicity and nonfouling capability. Furthermore, the polymer effectively prevented leaching of plasticizers out from commercial medical-grade PVC materials. This coating technique is readily applicable to many other polymers and medical devices requiring surfaces that will enhance performance in clinical settings.

Biobased Plasticizers from Tartaric Acid: Synthesis and Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on the Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)

“…DBTAE was obtained in 91.0% yield as a clear colorless oil. 1 and the mixture was stirred for 20 min at 0 °C with an atmosphere of nitrogen. To the solution, the mixture of acetyl chloride (2.5 equiv) and CH 2 Cl 2 (30 mL) was dropped using a syringe for 20 min.…”

“…Poly­(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer and is widely used in packaging materials, children’s toys, electrical cables, medical devices, and so forth. − However, PVC is a rigid and brittle material due to the strong polar interactions between the chains. Therefore, plasticizers that can disrupt these interactions are essential for improving the flexibility and processability of PVC .…”

Nickel-Catcher-Doped Zwitterionic Hydrogel Coating on Nickel–Titanium Alloy Toward Capture and Detection of Nickel Ions

“…The change of wettability might be attributed to the formation of hydrophilic xanthates in the presence of TEA ( Weißl et al, 2018 ) and the porous morphology of CS-NiTi. More hydrophilic surface was beneficial to the formation of the hydration layer, enhancing the anti-bacteria adhesion ability of NiTi alloys ( Lin et al, 2020 ). XPS was further employed to verify the presence of Ni-catchers in CS-NiTi.…”

“…However, most of them can not prohibit long-term leakage of Ni 2+ ions because of the low stability of hydrophobic surface in acidic oral environment ( Liu et al, 2019 ) and the corrosion of adhered bacteria ( Gu et al, 2005 ). Moreover, there are many anti-bacteria methods including zwitterionic hydrogels ( Li et al, 2008 ; Shivapooja et al, 2015 ; Lin et al, 2020 ), polyethylene glycol ( Peng et al, 2017 ), quaternary ammonium salt groups ( Wei et al, 2016 , 2017 ), protein-based surfaces ( Liu et al, 2018 ), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes ( Hartono et al, 2018 ). Thus, combining anti-bacteria and Ni 2+ ion capture may be a promising strategy for the new generation of NiTi-based medical devices.…”

Anticoagulation polyvinyl chloride extracorporeal circulation catheters for heparin-free treatment

“…[22][23][24][25][26] Therefore, improving the hemocompatibility of circulation equipment is an appealing approach to balance anticlotting and excessive bleeding. 12,[27][28][29][30] The pressing clinical need to prevent thrombotic occlusion has led to research on hemocompatibility modification of major parts of ECC biomedical devices (e.g., dialysis membrane or artificial lung membranes). 29,31 However, some limitations persist in these ECC devices because of the activation of leukocytes and platelets owing to the shear stress of high blood flow in catheters, and fibrin and platelets in flowing blood adhering to synthetic material surfaces, resulting in clots blocking the extracorporeal circuitry.…”