Photorefractive effect of polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals

Sasaki, Takeo; Katsuragi, Atsushi; Hazato, Hirotada; Nakazawa, Yukihito

doi:10.1117/12.807523

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Reviewing de Broglie's Equation (19), which was verified experimentally, and Equation 20which depends on the postulated nature of kinetic energy as waves, it can be seen that both equations are equivalent. According to Equations (19) and (20), the wave length of the electromagnetic waves emitted from moving particles is inversely proportional to the mass and velocity of such particles. So, de Broglie's hypothesis proves the generalization of the postulated flow of electrons as a simultaneous flow of particles and electromagnetic waves to any particle; i.e.…”

Section: λ : Wavelengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the "photorefractive effect" was defined in previous literature to induce a change in the refractive index of materials through a combination of photovoltaic effect and electro-optic effect [20]. Accordingly, the photorefractive effect may induce an electric potential into the incident radiation when crossing the cell's p-n junction by the action of its potential bias.…”

Section: The Photovoltaic Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the temperature difference between the tip and reference points, Figure 8, heat or electromagnetic waves flow through the thermocouple wires A and B. The difference of the Seebeck's coefficients of the two thermocouple wires induces an electrical potential into such waves when crossing the thermocouple junctions by a similar photorefractive effect [20]. Such induced potential is related to the thermal potential that drives the heat flow across the thermocouple junctions by the following Equation [21]:…”

Section: Thermoelectricitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Entropy-Approach to the Duality Property

Abdelhady

2011

JEMAA

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According to a previously introduced entropy approach, it is possible to clarify the confusions of the duality concept that electrons and light may behave as waves or particles. In other words, the electron is clearly defined in this paper as a particle and the light is neatly defined as waves. Such an approach considered the flow of electric charges as a flow of ionized waves and the magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, the particle’s kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So, the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are forms of electromagnetic waves. According to these definitions and similarity of the mechanisms and laws characterizing the flow of mass and energy in general, the flow of electrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy-components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence, the electron doesn’t have a dual nature. Rather, its behavior as a particle or as waves depends on the relative contributions of such components in the electron’s flow. Reviewing the results of de-Broglie’s experiments, it is possible to consider the flow of any particles as a simultaneous flow of waves and particles. Introducing the definition of the flow of electric charges as ionized waves, the photoelectric-effect can be postulated as an ionization process of the incident radiation during its reflection into an electric field. Similarly, the photovoltaic phenomena are postulated as a result of a photorefractive effect that may induce an electric potential into the incident radiation when crossing the electrically biased p-n junctions of photocells. Such postulates eliminate the confusing particle-property of light and prove that light has a wave-nature only. The truth of the introduced postulates is proven through finding plausible explanation of the sintering phenomena and thermoelectricity. Finally, this paper succeeded in introducing plausible explanations of results of Thompson’s experiment and other phenomena that end the confusions in defining the true nature of light and electrons as waves and particles

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Section: λ : Wavelengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Photovoltaic Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermoelectricitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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