Photoreversibility of Floral Initiation in Chrysanthemum

Cathey, H. M.; Borthwick, H. A.

doi:10.1086/335964

Cited by 66 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…In some SD plants, the suppression of flowering by a single R light NB is completely reversible by immediate exposure to FR light (Downs, 1956;Cathey and Borthwick, 1957). In wheat, we found that a single FR exposure after NB had a limited effect on heading time (Fig.…”

Section: Discussion Nb Responses In Sd and Ld Plantsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This timeline of events suggests that additional molecular steps may be involved in the transcriptional activation of PPD1 following the initial short exposure to white light. NB responses have previously been shown to be rapid, and red-light NBs of 2 min were shown to be sufficient to accelerate flowering (Downs, 1956;Cathey and Borthwick, 1957).…”

Section: A Working Model For the Ppd1 Regulation Of The Photoperiod Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Night-Break Experiments Shed Light on the Photoperiod1-Mediated Flowering

et al. 2017

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Plants utilize variation in day length (photoperiod) to anticipate seasonal changes. They respond by modulating their growth and development to maximize seed production, which in cereal crops is directly related to yield. In wheat (Triticum aestivum), the acceleration of flowering under long days (LD) is dependent on the light induction of PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) by phytochromes. Under LD, PPD1 activates FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1), a mobile signaling protein that travels from the leaves to the shoot apical meristem to promote flowering. Here, we show that the interruption of long nights by short pulses of light ("night-break" [NB]) accelerates wheat flowering, suggesting that the duration of the night is critical for wheat photoperiodic response. PPD1 transcription was rapidly upregulated by NBs, and the magnitude of this induction increased with the length of darkness preceding the NB. Cycloheximide abolished the NB up-regulation of PPD1, suggesting that this process is dependent on active protein synthesis during darkness. While one NB was sufficient to induce PPD1, more than 15 NBs were required to induce high levels of FT1 expression and a strong acceleration of flowering. Multiple NBs did not affect the expression of core circadian clock genes. The acceleration of flowering by NB disappeared in ppd1-null mutants, demonstrating that this response is mediated by PPD1. The acceleration of flowering was strongest when NBs were applied in the middle of the night, suggesting that in addition to PPD1, other circadiancontrolled factors are required for the up-regulation of FT1 expression and the acceleration of flowering.Plants can anticipate diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in their environment and adjust their growth and development to coincide with favorable conditions. In flowering plants, reproductive development must be optimally timed to minimize the risk of damage to sensitive floral organs by late frosts or early high temperatures. The correct timing of this transition is a major determinant of reproductive success and, in cereal crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), of grain yield. Therefore, an improved understanding of the regulation of flowering time can contribute to the development of crop varieties better adapted to diverse environments. Photoperiodic flowering responses vary in different species; short-day (SD) plants and long-day (LD) plants exhibit accelerated flowering in SD and LD, respectively, while day-neutral plants exhibit similar flowering profiles irrespective of day length Allard, 1920, 1923). Plants possess complex regulatory mechanisms to perceive and respond to changes in photoperiod, which ensure that flowering occurs only under inductive conditions. The regulation of flowering time by photoperiod is best understood in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a LD plant where the photoperiodic response is mainly controlled by CONSTANS (CO). CO expression is regulated by the circadian clock and peaks in the late afternoon and evening (Suárez-López et al., 2001). The CO protein is destabili...

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Section: Discussion Nb Responses In Sd and Ld Plantsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: A Working Model For the Ppd1 Regulation Of The Photoperiod Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Night-Break Experiments Shed Light on the Photoperiod1-Mediated Flowering

et al. 2017

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“…However, far-red light has ibeen shown to inhibit flowering in a number of short-day plants including Xanthiiuni pensylvanictum (1,10), Glycine mttax (3,18), Chenopodiumii rubrumi-(5, 6), Lemiina perpusilla (17), Chrysanthentiuni sp. (4), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (8,11), and most extensively Pharbitis nil ( 15, 16,19,20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Chenopodiumiii (6), Glycin.e (3,18), and Kalanchoe (8), far-red also inhibits during long dark periods. In Chrysanthemnum, long (81 min) far-red treatments strongly inhibited flowering whereas shorter treatments did not (4 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ever, 72-hour dark controls were included and these allow the inclusion of a hypothetical dark control curve drawn from experience in many such experiments (e.g. see fig 5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Control of Flowering of Xanthium pensylvanicum by Red and Far-red Light

1967

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Approximately the same energy of red light was required to overcome the inhibitory effect of far-red at the second hour of darkness as was required to produce maximum red light inhibition at the eighth hour. Although far-red light was most inhibitory when given early in a long dark period, approximately the same energy of far-red light was required to saturate the far-red response at the fourth, eighth and sixteenth hours.The results are discussed in relation to other reports of far-red inhibition of flowering in short-day plants.It seems clear that the pigment phytochrome is involved somehow in the photoperiodic response.

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“…The developmental stages of the shoot apex up to floret initiation have been previously defined (Cathey and Borthwick, 1957;Horridge and Cockshull, 1979). We added definitions of later floret stages so that we could distinguish the developmental status of the apex ( Fig.…”

Section: Morphology Of the Chrysanthemum Shoot Apex Upon Floral Transmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Changes in the Shoot Apex Predicts Anthesis Time in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i>

2017

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We investigated the relationship between shoot apex morphology and anthesis time in five cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium flowering in summer. Fluctuating weather conditions in nature make stable production of agricultural crops difficult. The timing of floral induction and flower formation are determined by environmental factors such as day length and temperature. Although genetic analyses using model plants have provided a lot of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of flowering, it is difficult to apply to agricultural plants growing in the field because of the inconstant weather and lack of molecular analysis tools of many farmers. A simple morphological marker that enables farmers to predict anthesis time is useful for stable production of field-grown crops. We examined the shoot apex morphology of five Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars weekly. Measurement of the shoot apex diameter by image analysis software showed that the shoot apex enlargement can be separated two phases, early slow-growth and later rapid-growth phases. We defined the developmental stages of the shoot apex in C. morifolium and found that the diameter of the shoot apex and developmental stages had a proportional relation. Each cultivar had a different inclination in an approximation straight line in the later rapid-growth phase. Comparison of the shoot apex morphology and weather records revealed different responses to the ambient temperature among the cultivars. The data suggest that weekly observation of the shoot apex makes it possible to characterize the cultivar and can be used to predict anthesis time. This is useful as a simple morphological marker for stable production of C. morifolium grown outdoors.

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Photoreversibility of Floral Initiation in Chrysanthemum

Cited by 66 publications

References 1 publication

Night-Break Experiments Shed Light on the Photoperiod1-Mediated Flowering

Night-Break Experiments Shed Light on the Photoperiod1-Mediated Flowering

Control of Flowering of Xanthium pensylvanicum by Red and Far-red Light

Morphological Changes in the Shoot Apex Predicts Anthesis Time in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i>

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