Photosensitive Metal(II) Perchlorates with 1,2‐Bis[5‐(1‐methylhydrazinyl)tetrazol‐1‐yl]ethane as Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization and Laser Ignition

Joas, Manuel; Klapötke, Thomas M.; Szimhardt, Norbert

doi:10.1002/ejic.201301283

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Photosensitive explosives, such as tetraammine-cis-bis(5-nitrotetrazolato-N 2 )-cobalt(III) perchlorate (BNCP) [9], bis(3-hydrazino-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole) metal(II) perchlorates [10], tris(carbohydrazide) metal(II) perchlorates [11], and Fe(II) tetrazine complexes [12], have been prepared and successfully initiated by NIR laser. However, the low mechanical sensitivity and high laser initiation thresholds of these complexes have prevented improvements in safety and reliability in laser initiation systems [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near‐Infrared Laser Initiation Mechanism of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Doped with Aluminum Nanoparticles

Ji¹,

Qin²,

Tang³

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Aluminum nanoparticles were added into pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) to decrease the near-infrared (NIR) laser initiation power. The effects of Al nanoparticles on the minimum power of all fire were investigated under 1064 nm laser initiation. The initiation mechanism was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, reflectance spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and shadowgraph technique. Results showed that the addition of Al nanoparticles could prominently decrease the minimum power of all fire of PETN. The PETN doped with 0.5 % Al nanoparticles could be reliably initiated with 40 mJ laser en-ergy (1064 nm, 14 ns). However, the increase in Al nanoparticles increased the minimum power of all fire. A thermal mechanism could be affirmed for the initiation of PETN doped with Al nanoparticles with the NIR laser initiation. First, Al nanoparticles were heated to high temperature to form hotspots by absorbing input NIR laser energy. Then, the PETN surrounded by the hotspots propagated self-sustaining chemical reactions and exploded. With the increase of Al nanoparticles, the increase in thermal conductivity and the decrease of the hot-spots temperature resulted in high laser power to initiate explosives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near‐Infrared Laser Initiation Mechanism of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Doped with Aluminum Nanoparticles

Ji¹,

Qin²,

Tang³

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…Recent efforts have focused on photoactive energetic materials with absorption within the range of conventional lasers. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Introducing a fiber optic cable for direct optical initiation eliminates sensitivity to electrical insults, while replacing primary explosives with less sensitive secondary explosives reduces sensitivity to mechanical insults. A class of energetic materials that exhibit the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties suitable for this application are conjugated energetic molecules (CEMs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative enhancement of the nonlinear optical response in conjugated energetic materials: A TD-DFT study

Sifain

Tadesse

Bjorgaard

et al. 2017

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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Conjugated energetic molecules (CEMs) are a class of explosives with high nitrogen content that posses both enhanced safety and energetic performance properties and are ideal for direct optical initiation. As isolated molecules, they absorb within the range of conventional lasers. Crystalline CEMs are used in practice, however, and their properties can differ due to intermolecular interaction. Herein, time-dependent density functional theory was used to investigate one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) of monomers and dimers obtained from experimentally determined crystal structures of CEMs. OPA scales linearly with the number of chromophore units, while TPA scales nonlinearly, where a more than 3-fold enhancement in peak intensity, per chromophore unit, is calculated. Cooperative enhancement depends on electronic delocalization spanning both chromophore units. An increase in sensitivity to nonlinear laser initiation makes these materials suitable for practical use. This is the first study predicting a cooperative enhancement of the nonlinear optical response in energetic materials composed of relatively small molecules. The proposed model quantum chemistry is validated by comparison to crystal structure geometries and the optical absorption of these materials dissolved in solution.

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“…Considerable attention has been drawn to nontoxic metal coordination compounds based on nitrogen-rich heterocyclic groups [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], owing to their multiple structures [12,13], and energetic properties. Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds are mainly azole-based compounds, such as triazoles [6,[14][15][16][17], tetrazoles [4,[18][19][20][21][22], and their derivatives [3,13,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-friendly energetic complexes based on transition metal nitrates and 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DATr)

Jin

Zhang

et al. 2014

Journal of Coordination Chemistry

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Four nitrate-containing metal complexes based on 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole are described as ecofriendly energetic coordination compounds. Their synthesis, characterization, and some energetic properties are studied. The figure reveals the crystal structure of zinc (II) complex and also suggests the coordination mode of metal complexes.Four eco-friendly energetic metal complexes of 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DATr), including manganese (1), cobalt (2), nickel (3), and zinc (4), were synthesized by reacting DATr·HCl with the corresponding metal (Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)) nitrate in aqueous solution and characterized by using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The single crystals of 2, 3, and 4 were obtained and determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. All three complexes crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system and belong to P2(1)/n space group. The thermal decomposition processes were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry analyses. The results show that the decomposition temperatures of 1-4 are above 260°C, depending upon their onset DSC peaks. It can be predicted that these complexes based on 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole have good thermal stability. The nonisothermal kinetic parameters of decomposition were calculated by using Kissinger and Ozawa-Doyle's methods.Furthermore, the sensitivities of these complexes to impact, friction, and flame were determined. Sensitivity tests revealed that 2 was more sensitive to external stimuli compared to the other three complexes.

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Photosensitive Metal(II) Perchlorates with 1,2‐Bis[5‐(1‐methylhydrazinyl)tetrazol‐1‐yl]ethane as Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization and Laser Ignition

Cited by 26 publications

References 36 publications

Near‐Infrared Laser Initiation Mechanism of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Doped with Aluminum Nanoparticles

Near‐Infrared Laser Initiation Mechanism of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Doped with Aluminum Nanoparticles

Cooperative enhancement of the nonlinear optical response in conjugated energetic materials: A TD-DFT study

Eco-friendly energetic complexes based on transition metal nitrates and 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DATr)

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