“…A photosensitizer (PS) is needed for PDT. Under the excitation of a laser, the PS converts the oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS), many of which are singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) species. − Porphyrin-based PSs account for a large proportion of PSs. − They are mainly divided into hematoporphyrins, metalloporphyrins, , porphycenes, , pheophorbides, , purpurins, chlorins, , protoporphyrin, , and phthalocyanines. , These porphyrin PSs have shown prodigious potentials in PDT, and some of the porphyrin derivatives (e.g., Photofrin, Visudyne, and Foscan) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and applied in the clinic. Although porphyrin PSs possess good biosafety and a suitable biological wavelength window (650–900 nm) for deep tissue penetration, their poor water solubility significantly lowers 1 O 2 generation in physiological solution and thereby limits their biomedical applications. , Hence, various strategies were proposed to enhance the water solubility of the porphyrin PSs.…”