Photosynthetic Electron Transport Determines Nitrate Reductase Gene Expression and Activity in Higher Plants

Sherameti, Irena; Sopory, Sudhir K.; Trebicka, Artan; Pfannschmidt, Thomas; Oelmüller, Ralf

doi:10.1074/jbc.m202924200

Cited by 70 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…NR levels and activity are controlled by phosphorylation; it has been shown that, in addition to increasing the "normal" reduction of nitrate to nitrite, activation of NR by dephosphorylation increases NO production from nitrite (18). It has also been demonstrated that cytosolic NR gene expression and the activity of the enzyme in higher plants is controlled by the signals from photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts, themselves linked to superoxide production (19). Therefore the functional state of chloroplasts can affect the level of NO production in the leaves via modulating the expression and activity of NR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant mitochondrial respiration is intrinsically less sensitive to NO inhibition because the alternative cyanide insensitive terminal oxidase is less sensitive to NO than the aa 3 -type oxidase (44). Indeed NO induces the transcriptional activation and synthesis of the alternative oxidase (19,45). However, switching oxidases under conditions of enhanced NO production would modulate the efficiency of plant respiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A consensus has emerged that basal levels of NO production are controlled by the heme enzyme, nitrate reductase (NR). 1 (9,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). This enzyme has a primary activity of converting nitrate to nitrite; however, it can also convert nitrite to NO, presumably via a single electron reduction similar to that occurring in the well characterized bacterial heme proteins (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Vanin

Svistunenko

Mikoyan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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We have quantitatively measured nitric oxide production in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Vicia faba by adapting ferrous dithiocarbamate spin tapping methods previously used in animal systems. Hydrophobic diethyldithiocarbamate complexes were used to measure NO interacting with membranes, and hydrophilic N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate was used to measure NO released into the external solution. Both complexes were able to trap levels of NO, readily detectable by EPR spectroscopy. Basal rates of NO production (in the order of 1 nmol g ؊1 h ؊1 ) agreed with previous studies. However, use of methodologies that corrected for the removal of free NO by endogenously produced superoxide resulted in a significant increase in trapped NO (up to 18 nmol g ؊1 h ؊1 ). Basal NO production in leaves is therefore much higher than previously thought, but this is masked by significant superoxide production. The effects of nitrite (increased rate) and nitrate (decreased rate) are consistent with a role for nitrate reductase as the source of this basal NO production. However, rates under physiologically achievable nitrite concentrations never approach that reported following pathogen induction of plant nitric-oxide synthase. In Hibiscus rosa sinensis, the addition of exogenous nitrite generated sufficient NO such that EPR could be used to detect its production using endogenous spin traps (forming paramagnetic dinitrosyl iron complexes). Indeed the levels of this nitrosylated iron pool are sufficiently high that they may represent a method of maintaining bioavailable iron levels under conditions of iron starvation, thus explaining the previously observed role of NO in preventing chlorosis under these conditions.The phenomenon of NO production by plants was first reported by Klepper in 1979 (1), significantly earlier than the discovery of NO generation by animals (1985)(1986)(1987). Nevertheless research in the plant NO field has lagged behind the animal field for two important reasons: the absence of a physiological phenomenon elicited by NO and a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanism underpinning any such phenomenon. In animals the role of NO as the endotheliumderived relaxing factor and the discovery of the L-arginine/ nitric-oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase signaling pathway (2, 3) provided the impetus for the explosion of research in this area in the 1990s (4). However, recently there has been a similar expansion of interest in the role of NO in plants.Although a complete molecular model of the physiological role of NO in plants remains to be determined, a number of normal physiological processes are now known to be modulated by NO production. These include: production of the hormone ethylene (5), germination (6), programmed cell death (7, 8), senescence (5), and stomatal closure (9). NO is also involved in pathogen defense, either directly (10) or via production of antimicrobial phytoalexins (11). There are several recent reviews covering the role of NO in plants (12)(13)(14)(15)(16).Although the molecula...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Vanin

Svistunenko

Mikoyan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…One component, in particular nitrate assimilation, is a major sink for reductant in the light (Bloom et al 1989), and nitrate reductase activity is strongly enhanced by light both at the transcriptional and translational levels (Kaiser, Weiner & Huber 1999;Sherameti et al 2002;Stitt et al 2002). Nitrogen assimilation is also suppressed by a reduction in carbohydrate status (Fritz et al 2006), and therefore by the duration of the dark period.…”

Section: The Role Of Variation In Anabolic Demandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analytical model of non‐photorespiratory CO₂ release in the light and dark in leaves of C₃ species based on stoichiometric flux balance

Buckley

Adams

2010

Plant Cell & Environment

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Leaf respiration continues in the light but at a reduced rate. This inhibition is highly variable, and the mechanisms are poorly known, partly due to the lack of a formal model that can generate testable hypotheses. We derived an analytical model for non-photorespiratory CO2 release by solving steady-state supply/demand equations for ATP, NADH and NADPH, coupled to a widely used photosynthesis model. We used this model to evaluate causes for suppression of respiration by light. The model agrees with many observations, including highly variable suppression at saturating light, greater suppression in mature leaves, reduced assimilatory quotient (ratio of net CO2 and O2 exchange) concurrent with nitrate reduction and a Kok effect (discrete change in quantum yield at low light). The model predicts engagement of non-phosphorylating pathways at moderate to high light, or concurrent with processes that yield ATP and NADH, such as fatty acid or terpenoid synthesis. Suppression of respiration is governed largely by photosynthetic adenylate balance, although photorespiratory NADH may contribute at sub-saturating light. Key questions include the precise diel variation of anabolism and the ATP : 2e -ratio for photophosphorylation. Our model can focus experimental research and is a step towards a fully process-based model of CO2 exchange.Key-words: alternative oxidase; carbon metabolism; Kok effect; photorespiration; photosynthesis; respiration.Abbreviations: A, net CO2 assimilation rate; Ao, net O2 evolution rate; AOX, alternative oxidase; Bn, net anabolic NADH supply; Bp, net anabolic NADPH demand; Bt, net anabolic ATP demand; ci, intercellular CO2 partial pressure; COX, cytochrome oxidase; fm, fraction of photorespiratory NADH that remains in mitochondria; fx, fraction of excess thylakoid reducing potential dissipated as NADPH export; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; I, incident PPFD; J, potential thylakoid e -transport rate; J′, Vc in RuBP-limiting conditions; Ja, actual thylakoid e -transport rate; Jm, max potential thylakoid e -transport rate; M, maintenance ATP demand; mETC, mitochondrial e -transport chain; O, ambient O2 partial pressure; OPPP, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; pe, ATP : 2e -ratio, ADP phosphorylated per 2 e -transported to ferredoxin; po, P : O ratio, ratio of ADP phosphorylation to O2 reduction in mitochondria; pom, overall max P : O ratio; pom,ana, max P : O ratio for NADH generated in anabolic C flow; pom,cat, max P : O ratio for NADH derived from catabolic substrate oxidation; pom,cyt, max P : O ratio for cytosol derived NADH; pom,mtx, max P : O ratio for matrix derived NADH; PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density; QY, quantum yield of CO2 from incident PPFD; Rc, rate of non-photorespiratory CO2 release; Ro, rate of O2 reduction by mitochondria; RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate; S, net conversion of TP to sucrose and/or starch; t, net ATP demand resulting from S; TP, triose phosphate; Vana, rate of C flow into C skeletons for biosynthesis; Vby, rate of CO2 release due to ana...

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“…The change in the cytosolic redox and pH status by photosynthesis could override the effect of sugar on the expression of sugar-repressive nuclear genes (49). It is possible that enzymes in addition to nitrate reductase, which is regulated by post-translational modifications (3,50,51), are regulated not only by the metabolite levels but also by the conditions of the cell. Fritz et al recently showed that amino acids did not affect each other's level (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top-down Phenomics of Arabidopsis thaliana

Tian

Chikayama

Tsuboi

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Elucidating the function of each gene in a genome is important for understanding the whole organism. We previously constructed 4000 disruptant mutants of Arabidopsis by insertion of Ds transposons. Here, we describe a top-down phenomics approach based on metabolic profiling that uses one-dimensional Plants produce energy sources, foods, and industrial or medical materials that are necessary and useful for us. It has been expected to handle the metabolic flows so as to increase the amount of interested chemical resources in plants. For that purpose, comprehensive understanding of the metabolite network is required. Presumably, the metabolite network is regulated by both genetic information and cellular conditions. In recent years, to address the key factors regulating the metabolite network, metabolomics, the nontargeting comprehensive metabolite analysis of plants, has been introduced in plant research as well as other organisms. To elucidate the linkage between genetic information and metabolites, attempts to integrate transcriptome and metabolomics data have been made. Hirai et al.(1) described the linkage between the levels of some secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates and the transcripts for genes encoding corresponding metabolic enzymes. However, such approaches for the primary metabolic pathway did not give us clear information on the regulatory systems, presumably due to higher complexity (1-3).To understand such complex biological phenomena, a systems biological approach should be one of the promising ways. To establish systems biology, a vast amount of information on cellular entities, such as transcript, proteins, and metabolites is required and combined functionally. Computational models have been developed for Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on data from gene disruption mutants (4 -8) and have proven to be useful for predicting the phenotypes of mutants, cellular behavior, and evolution (9 -13).Completion of the Arabidopsis and rice genome sequences (14 -17) has allowed the application of systems biology to plants (18,19). Furthermore, a large number of gene disruption mutants have been constructed in various plant species, especially Arabidopsis and rice. By taking advantage of these resources, functional genomic approaches can be used to elucidate the function of plant genes (20). In a previous report, we described a phenomic approach analyzing the effects of 4000 gene disruptions in Arabidopsis (21). We found that fewer than 5% of the gene disruptions caused a visible phenotype in the aerial parts, suggesting that a more detailed and practical methodology is needed to determine the effects of losses in gene function.For the purpose of establishing systems biology in plants, we propose the comprehensive analysis of gene disruptant lines by

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Photosynthetic Electron Transport Determines Nitrate Reductase Gene Expression and Activity in Higher Plants

Cited by 70 publications

References 63 publications

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

An analytical model of non‐photorespiratory CO₂ release in the light and dark in leaves of C₃ species based on stoichiometric flux balance

Top-down Phenomics of Arabidopsis thaliana

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Photosynthetic Electron Transport Determines Nitrate Reductase Gene Expression and Activity in Higher Plants

Cited by 70 publications

References 63 publications

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

Endogenous Superoxide Production and the Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio Control the Concentration of Bioavailable Free Nitric Oxide in Leaves

An analytical model of non‐photorespiratory CO2 release in the light and dark in leaves of C3 species based on stoichiometric flux balance

Top-down Phenomics of Arabidopsis thaliana

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An analytical model of non‐photorespiratory CO₂ release in the light and dark in leaves of C₃ species based on stoichiometric flux balance