“…Modern theranostic agents integrated with diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities in a single platform are very promising in precision medicine because they are cost-effective and have high medicinal benefits. , Utilizing the power of light for energy transformation or transduction, phototheranostics compounds have been ideal candidates for constructing such a platform. − In the view of diagnosis, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging (FLI) is preferable because of the improved imaging depth, lower autofluorescence interference, and better sensitivity relative to conventional fluorescence imaging in the visible region. − On the other hand, photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been identified as the two mainstream therapeutic strategies in the past decades since they are noninvasive, controllable, and with minimal drug resistance. − PTT utilizes nonradiative dissipation of excited states of a molecule to convert light energy into heat for thermal treatment, , while PDT involves a process of energy transfer from the excited molecule to an oxygen molecule to produce highly reactive singlet oxygen, which is potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces cell damage and apoptosis. − But either PTT or PDT is not always sufficient for tumor ablation because they each face limitations that hinder their overall success. For instance, the temperature increase may not be high enough to obliterate the lesion, while the hypoxic microenvironment of tumor tissue may also limit ROS generation. − Therefore, compared with the independent imaging/therapeutic system, combined NIR-FLI, PTT, and PDT can provide cancer diagnosis and therapy with higher biocompatibility, accuracy, and efficiency .…”