“…21,22 Unlike bulk Ru, the adsorption of hydrogen on Ru nanoclusters is too strong, resulting in poor HER activity. To improve the HER performance of Ru clusters, various supports have been developed such as carbon nanomaterials, 23,24 metal carbides, 25 metal oxides, 26 metal hydroxides 27 and so on to regulate the electronic structure of Ru clusters. Despite great achievements, Ru-cluster based HER catalysts are rarely evaluated in real seawater at high current densities.…”