“…Nevertheless, as biological macromolecules, the practical applications are gravely hindered by their intrinsic drawbacks, such as multifarious preparation/purification processes, high extraction cost, strict storage conditions, and particularly the low stability in severe environments . As promising alternatives to natural enzymes, nanozymes, defined as nanomaterials with inherent enzyme-mimetic properties, have aroused significant interest due to their large-scale preparation potential, low cost, convenient storage, and strong stability under harsh environments. , So far, numerous nanomaterials, such as carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, quantum dots, and carbon dots), − noble-metal-based nanomaterials (e.g., Pd, Pt, Au, and Ag), − and metal oxide-based nanomaterials (e.g., cobalt oxide, ferric oxide, manganese oxide, and ceria (CeO 2 )), ,− have been demonstrated to possess specific enzyme-mimetic catalytic activities.…”