Phthalate metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017

Schwedler, Gerda; Rucic, Enrico; Lange, Rosa; Conrad, André; Koch, Holger M.; Pälmke, Claudia; Brüning, Thomas; Schulz, Christine; Schmied-Tobies, Maria I.H.; Daniels, Anja; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113444

Cited by 80 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Similar restrictions have also been adopted by the United States and Canada [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Despite these regulations, a large number of recent biomonitoring studies show the presence of these as well as the non-regulated phthalates (e.g., diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP)) in urine samples from the general population and, in particular, from children [ 22 , 23 ]. These studies quantified known phthalate metabolites in urine, which give a snapshot of current exposures because phthalate elimination half-lives are fairly short (less than 24 h) [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers

Lucarini

Blanchard

Krasniqi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Carrying out exposure studies on children who are not toilet trained is challenging because of the difficulty of urine sampling. In this study, we optimized a protocol for urine collection from disposable diapers for the analysis of phthalate metabolites. The exposure of Swiss children (n = 113) between 6 months and 3 years of life to seven phthalates was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurements. The study showed limited exposures to phthalates, with only 22% of the samples containing some of the metabolites investigated. The three most frequently detected metabolites were monoethyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-benzyl phthalate. We also detected mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, which have rarely been observed in urine from infants and toddlers; therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate and bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate can be considered as potentially new emerging phthalates. This study presents an initial snapshot of the Swiss children’s exposure to phthalates and provides a promising approach for further phthalate biomonitoring studies on young children using disposable diapers as urine sampling technique.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers

Lucarini

Blanchard

Krasniqi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…It is worth noting that none of the studies included evaluation of DCHP, neither as a parent compound nor its metabolite. The lack of epidemiological studies on DCHP is likely due to the fact that the urinary concentration of DCHP metabolite has been found to be consistently below the limit of detection at the 75th percentile in the NHANES 1999–2010 period [ 83 ] and, when measured, the frequency of detection has been low (e.g., less than 10% of the population tested) [ 33 , 83 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the European Union has also listed DEHP and DBP in its authorization list under REACH and more than a dozen phthalates are included in the candidate list for authorization [ 31 ]. The observed decline in human exposure to restricted phthalates in industrialized countries over the years [ 15 , 32 , 33 ] have been attributed to these regulatory measures. Notably there are yet no major restrictions to uses in food contact materials (e.g., packaging, processing equipment), pharmaceuticals, and medical devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of epidemiology in risk assessment: a case study of five ortho-phthalates

et al. 2021

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Background The association between environmental chemical exposures and chronic diseases is of increasing concern. Chemical risk assessment relies heavily on pre-market toxicity testing to identify safe levels of exposure, often known as reference doses (RfD), expected to be protective of human health. Although some RfDs have been reassessed in light of new hazard information, it is not a common practice. Continuous surveillance of animal and human data, both in terms of exposures and associated health outcomes, could provide valuable information to risk assessors and regulators. Using ortho-phthalates as case study, we asked whether RfDs deduced from male reproductive toxicity studies and set by traditional regulatory toxicology approaches sufficiently protect the population for other health outcomes. Methods We searched for epidemiological studies on benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Data were extracted from studies where any of the five chemicals or their metabolites were measured and showed a statistically significant association with a health outcome; 38 studies met the criteria. We estimated intake for each phthalate from urinary metabolite concentration and compared estimated intake ranges associated with health endpoints to each phthalate’s RfD. Result For DBP, DIBP, and BBP, the estimated intake ranges significantly associated with health endpoints were all below their individual RfDs. For DEHP, the intake range included associations at levels both below and above its RfD. For DCHP, no relevant studies could be identified. The significantly affected endpoints revealed by our analysis include metabolic, neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, obesity, and changes in hormone levels. Most of these conditions are not routinely evaluated in animal testing employed in regulatory toxicology. Conclusion We conclude that for DBP, DIBP, BBP, and DEHP current RfDs estimated based on male reproductive toxicity may not be sufficiently protective of other health effects. Thus, a new approach is needed where post-market exposures, epidemiological and clinical data are systematically reviewed to ensure adequate health protection.

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“…Teenagers were selected as target group for PFAS exposure in blood because of their endocrine properties causing concern during puberty development ( Terry et al, 2019 ). In addition, both children and teenagers were prioritized for urinary analysis of phthalates and Hexamoll® DINCH as EU wide information in this age group was lacking while modelled intake and HBM data from US and Germany suggest relatively high uptake in children ( Li et al, 2019 ; Schwedler et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2019 ). In the adult age group exposure to cadmium, PAHs and bisphenols were prioritized in urine samples.…”

Section: Method: Aligning European Hbm Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

HBM4EU combines and harmonises human biomonitoring data across the EU, building on existing capacity – The HBM4EU survey

Gilles

Govarts

Rambaud

et al. 2021

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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As part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) initiative a human biomonitoring (HBM) survey is conducted in 21 countries. This survey builds on existing HBM capacity in Europe by aligning national or regional HBM studies. The survey targets 3 age groups (i) children aged 6–11 years, (ii) teenagers aged 12–19 years and (iii) young adults aged 20–39 years and includes a total of 9493 participants (3151 children, 2953 teenagers and 3389 young adults). Depending on the age group, internal exposure to phthalates and substitute Hexamoll® DINCH, brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants, per-/poly-fluorinated compounds, cadmium, bisphenols and/or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are assessed. The main goal of the programme is to obtain quality controlled and comparable HBM data of exposure to chemicals, prioritized under HBM4EU, with European wide coverage to inform the development of environment and health policies. This paper describes the framework of the HBM4EU survey and the approach that has been applied to align European HBM initiatives across Europe.

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Phthalate metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017

Cited by 80 publications

References 66 publications

Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers

Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers

Role of epidemiology in risk assessment: a case study of five ortho-phthalates

HBM4EU combines and harmonises human biomonitoring data across the EU, building on existing capacity – The HBM4EU survey

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