Phthalates and nonylphenols in urban runoff: Occurrence, distribution and area emission factors

Björklund, Karin; Cousins, Anna Palm; Strömvall, Ann-Margret Hvitt; Malmqvist, Per‐Arne

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.040

Cited by 137 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Among the urban sources investigated in the literature, the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are frequently studied (Hohne and Puttmann 2008;Loyo-Rosales et al 2007;Voutsa et al 2006;Zhou et al 2010). On the contrary, studies on wet weather urban sources such as combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and urban runoff are less available, despite their high contamination (Björklund et al 2009;Gasperi et al 2008). …”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher concentrations in CSOs and runoff compared to those measured in TAF highlight a clear enrichment from atmosphere to catchment outlet. These enrichments could originate from wastewater for CSOs or road and buildings leaching (Björklund et al 2009;Bressy et al 2011) for runoff since NPE and BPA are used in building material (concrete, plastics). For both CSOs and runoff, the concentrations measured were close to those reported in untreated wastewaters (Zhou et al 2010).…”

Section: Urban Sources During Wet Weather Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alkylphenolic compounds and bisphenol A contamination within a heavily urbanized area: case study of Paris

Cladière

Gaspéri

Lorgeoux

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study aims at evaluating the influence of a heavily urbanized area such as the Paris city area on receiving water contamination by bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenol ethoxylate by-product (APE). Firstly, concentrations in urban sources were investigated. Therefore, in addition to wastewater treatment plant effluents commonly studied, wet-weather urban sources including combined sewer overflows, urban runoff and total atmospheric fallout were considered. The first results highlight significant contaminations of all urban sources (from few ng/L in atmospheric fallout to several µg/L in other sources) with clearly distinguishable distribution patterns.Secondly, the concentration changes along the Seine River from upstream to downstream of Paris conurbation were investigated. While concentrations of BPA and nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC) significantly increase because of urban sources, 4-nonylphenol concentrations are homogeneous along the Seine River. These results suggest a global dissemination of 4-nonylphenol at the scale of the Seine River basin. Finally, the relationship between pollutant concentrations and Seine river flow were studied upstream and downstream of the Parisian conurbation. As a result, the clear decrease of NP1EC dissolved concentrations according to Seine River flow underlines the influence of punctual urban pollution on Seine River contamination.Conversely, 4-nonylphenol dissolved concentrations reinforce the hypothesis of its widespread at the scale of the Seine River basin. Keywords: Nonylphenol, bisphenol A, urban sources, Seine River, atmospheric fallout, heavily urbanized area 2 IntroductionAmong the pollutants commonly pointed out in the literature for their endocrine disrupting properties, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) and the 2,2-(4,4 hydroxydiphenyl) propane commonly named bisphenol A (BPA) deserve special attention because of their global spread in the environment (Staples et al. 1998; Vethaak et al. 2005). APE, mainly composed of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE: 80%) and octylphenol ethoxylate (OPE: 20%), are widely used for industrial and domestic applications, such as lubricating, oil additives, detergents and antistatic agents (Ying et al. 2002). A reasonable estimate of the world annual production of NPE is around 500,000 tons (Ying et al. 2002). BPA is mainly used as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics known for its high resistance to shocks and temperature (plastic windows or greenhouses, car bumpers, baby bottles), and in epoxy resins used as food contact lacquer for cans and tin cans. Due to its uses, the world production of BPA was evaluated at about 3,000,000 tons (Vandenberg et al. 2007)While BPA is recognized as an endocrine disrupting chemical (Wetherill et al. 2007), NPE and OPE have been of rising concern because of their biodegradation by-products. Indeed, in urban or natural environment NPE can be biodegraded through oxidative or non-oxidative pathways (John and White 1998;Jonkers et al. 2001). Under oxidative biodegradation pathway, NPE turn i...

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban Sources During Wet Weather Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkylphenolic compounds and bisphenol A contamination within a heavily urbanized area: case study of Paris

Cladière

Gaspéri

Lorgeoux

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Other studies have covered certain priority organic pollutants, notably polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Chedeville et al, 2010;Terzakis et al, 2008;Zgheib et al, 2011), diethylhexylphtalate (Bjorklund et al, 2009;Zgheib et al, 2011), methyl tert-butylether (Achten et al, 2001), total hydrocarbons (Barraud and Fouillet, 2006;Chedeville et al, 2010;Legret and Pagotto, 1999), and 4-nonylphenol (Bjorklund et al, 2009;Bressy et al, 2011;Zgheib et al, 2011). No work on testing for hormones in stormwater has been published so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of dry weather discharges on annual pollution from a separate storm sewer in Toulouse, France

Deffontis

Breton

Vialle

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

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“…DEHP and DBP are the most commonly occurring phthalates. Residues of both have been detected in multiple environmental compartments: surface waters (Kelly et al 2010), river sediments (Huang et al 2008), sewage sludge, wastewater effluent, and untreated wastewater (Clara et al 2010), rainwater (Teil et al 2006), stormwater (Bjorklund et al 2009), and agricultural soils (Hu et al 2003). The other phthalates are generally considered to be of minor importance.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Associated Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Degradation, and Effect of Polymer-Based Materials in the Environment

Lambert

Sinclair

Boxall

2013

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

161

151

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There is now a plethora of polymer-based materials (PBMs) on the market, because of the increasing demand for cheaper consumable goods, and light-weight industrial materials. Each PBM constitutes a mixture of their representative polymer/sand their various chemical additives. The major polymer types are polyethylene, polypropylene,and polyvinyl chloride, with natural rubber and biodegradable polymers becoming increasingly more important. The most important additives are those that are biologically active, because to be effective such chemicals often have properties that make them resistant to photo-degradation and biodegradation. During their lifecycle,PBMs can be released into the environment form a variety of sources. The principal introduction routes being general littering, dumping of unwanted waste materials,migration from landfills and emission during refuse collection. Once in the environment,PBMs are primarily broken down by photo-degradation processes, but due to the complex chemical makeup of PBMs, receiving environments are potentially exposed to a mixture of macro-, meso-, and micro-size polymer fragments, leached additives, and subsequent degradation products. In environments where sunlight is absent (i.e., soils and the deep sea) degradation for most PBMs is minimal .The majority of literature to date that has addressed the environmental contamination or disposition of PBMs has focused on the marine environment. This is because the oceans are identified as the major sink for macro PBMs, where they are known to present a hazard to wildlife via entanglement and ingestion. The published literature has established the occurrence of microplastics in marine environment and beach sediments, but is inadequate as regards contamination of soils and freshwater sediments. The uptake of microplastics for a limited range of aquatic organisms has also been established, but there is a lack of information regarding soil organisms, and the long-term effects of microplastic uptake are also less well understood.There is currently a need to establish appropriate degradation test strategies consistent with realistic environmental conditions, because the complexity of environmental systems is lost when only one process (e.g., hydrolysis) is assessed in isolation. Enhanced methodologies are also needed to evaluate the impact of PBMs to soil and freshwater environments.

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Phthalates and nonylphenols in urban runoff: Occurrence, distribution and area emission factors

Cited by 137 publications

References 40 publications

Alkylphenolic compounds and bisphenol A contamination within a heavily urbanized area: case study of Paris

Alkylphenolic compounds and bisphenol A contamination within a heavily urbanized area: case study of Paris

Impact of dry weather discharges on annual pollution from a separate storm sewer in Toulouse, France

Occurrence, Degradation, and Effect of Polymer-Based Materials in the Environment

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