Phthalates and their effects on human health: Focus on erythrocytes and the reproductive system

Arrigo, Federica; Impellitteri, Federica; Piccione, Giuseppe; Faggio, Caterina

doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109645

Cited by 31 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“… 114 , 115 The microplastics utilized in this study were commercially bought and do not contain chemicals such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), or polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAs). 116 – 118 These chemical additives could have an extra layer of problems such as a variety of health effects not limited to altered immune and thyroid function, kidney disease, liver disease, lipid and insulin dysregulation, cancers, and altered reproductive and development outcomes, but we believe our study shows that plastic microsphere exposure can have far-reaching effects after ingestion. Although there is still ongoing research to identify and understand the widespread human health risk of MPs, the current study helped to identify potential organ-specific metabolic pathway alterations that are associated with different types, mixtures, and concentrations of plastic microspheres.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice

Garcia,

Romero,

Merkley

et al. 2024

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs can cross the gut barrier and enter into the lymphatic and systemic circulation leading to accumulation in tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidney, and brain. The impacts of mixed MPs exposure on tissue function through metabolism remains largely unexplored. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impacts of polymer microspheres on tissue metabolism in mice by assessing the microspheres ability to translocate across the gut barrier and enter into systemic circulation. Specifically, we wanted to examine microsphere accumulation in different organ systems, identify concentration-dependent metabolic changes, and evaluate the effects of mixed microsphere exposures on health outcomes. Methods: To investigate the impact of ingested microspheres on target metabolic pathways, mice were exposed to either polystyrene ( ) microspheres or a mixture of polymer microspheres consisting of polystyrene ( ), polyethylene ( ), and the biodegradability and biocompatible plastic, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) ( ). Exposures were performed twice a week for 4 weeks at a concentration of either 0, 2, or via oral gastric gavage. Tissues were collected to examine microsphere ingress and changes in metabolites. Results: In mice that ingested microspheres, we detected polystyrene microspheres in distant tissues including the brain, liver, and kidney. Additionally, we report on the metabolic differences that occurred in the colon, liver, and brain, which showed differential responses that were dependent on concentration and type of microsphere exposure. Discussion: This study uses a mouse model to provide critical insight into the potential health implications of the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. These findings demonstrate that orally consumed polystyrene or mixed polymer microspheres can accumulate in tissues such as the brain, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, this study highlights concentration-dependent and polymer type-specific metabolic changes in the colon, liver, and brain after plastic microsphere exposure. These results underline the mobility within and between biological tissues of MPs after exposure and emphasize the importance of understanding their metabolic impact. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13435

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice

Garcia,

Romero,

Merkley

et al. 2024

Environ Health Perspect

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“…In the past, phthalates were used as plasticizers for winter tire treads. However, at present, there are a number of concerns regarding the environmental and health impact of phthalates [45][46][47] so they must be replaced by safer plasticizers. The typical plasticizers used in place of phthalates are adipates and sebacates.…”

Section: Determination Of Rubber Plasticizer Polarity With Nile Red S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional and Green Rubber Plasticizers Classified through Nile Red [E(NR)] and Reichardt’s Polarity Scale [ET(30)]

Cataldo

2024

Liquids

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After a survey on polymer plasticization theories and conventional criteria to evaluate polymer–plasticizer compatibility through the solubility parameter, an attempt to create a polymer–plasticizer polarity scale through solvatochromic dyes has been made. Since Reichardt’s ET(30) dye is insoluble in rubber hydrocarbon polymers like polyisoprene, polybutadiene and styrene–butadiene copolymers and is not useful for the evaluation of the hydrocarbons and ester plasticizers, the Nile Red solvatochromic dye was instead used extensively and successfully for this class of compounds. A total of 53 different compounds were evaluated with the Nile Red dye and wherever possible also with Reichardt’s ET(33) dye. A very good correlation was then found between the Nile Red scale E(NR) and Reichardt’s ET(30) scale for this class of compounds focusing on diene rubbers and their typical hydrocarbons and new ester plasticizers. Furthermore, the E(NR) scale also shows a reasonable correlation with the total solubility parameter calculated according to the Van Krevelen method. Based on the above results, some conclusion was made about the compatibility between the diene rubbers and the conventional plasticizers, as well as a new and green plasticizer proposed for the rubber compounds.

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“…As an example, phthalates enter the body by ingestion, are absorbed into the bloodstream, and produce several abnormalities in erythrocytes, such as eryptosis, hemolysis, membrane aberrations, etc. 218 In addition to the toxicity of pristine MNPs, the impact of co-pollutants should be considered. One study reported that cadmium and PSMPs induced disruption of the membrane components and lipid bilayer of RBCs.…”

Section: Effect On Red Blood Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Journey of micronanoplastics with blood components

Rajendran,

Chandrasekaran

2023

RSC Adv.

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Phthalates and their effects on human health: Focus on erythrocytes and the reproductive system

Cited by 31 publications

References 70 publications

In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice

In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice

Conventional and Green Rubber Plasticizers Classified through Nile Red [E(NR)] and Reichardt’s Polarity Scale [ET(30)]

Journey of micronanoplastics with blood components

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