Phy-X/ZeXTRa: a software for robust calculation of effective atomic numbers for photon, electron, proton, alpha particle, and carbon ion interactions

Özpolat, Özgür Fırat; Alım, Bünyamin; Şakar, Erdem; Büyükyıldız, Mehmet; Kurudirek, Murat

doi:10.1007/s00411-019-00829-7

Cited by 58 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The attenuation properties of our standard phantom were studied to ensure that it could mimic human tissue. Therefore, Phy-X/ZeXTRa software was used to calculate Z eff [22]. The effective atomic number is constant in the intermediate-energy region, whereas noticeable variation was observed for low-(<20 keV) as well as high-energy regions [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane and Silicone Elastomer for the Fabrication of Clinical-Grade Kidney Phantom

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study aimed to introduce an alternative, inexpensive, and straightforward polymer with specific mechanical and dielectric properties suitable for the fabrication of a clinical-grade kidney phantom. Two polymer-based phantom materials, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and silicone elastomer (SE), were investigated for their capability to meet the requirements. The concentration ratios of base to curing agent (B/C) were 9.5/1.5, 19/3, 10/1, 20/2, 10.5/0.5, and 21/1 for PDMS and 4.5/5.5, 10/12, 5/5, 11/11, 5.5/4.5, and 12/10 for SE. All samples were mixed, degassed, and poured into Petri dishes and small beakers. The polymer was cured under room temperature for 2 h and then demolded from the hard mold. The air bubbles produced were removed using a vacuum desiccator for 30 min. All samples underwent mechanical testing (tensile strength and elastic modulus), and their dielectric properties were measured using a dielectric probe kit equipped with 85071E materials measurement software. The radiation attenuation properties were also measured using PhyX-Zetra for PDMS phantoms with the chemical formula C2H6OSi. Small changes in base and cross-linker play an essential role in modifying the elastic modulus and tensile strength. The effective atomic number of PDMS showed a similar pattern with human kidney tissue at the intermediate energy level of 1.50 × 10−1 to 1 MeV. Therefore, PDMS can potentially be used to mimic the human kidney in terms of tensile strength, flexibility, the acceptable real part of the complex dielectric constant ε′r, and conductivity, which allows it to be used as a stable kidney phantom for medical imaging purposes.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane and Silicone Elastomer for the Fabrication of Clinical-Grade Kidney Phantom

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, the other shielding parameters such as half value layer (HVL) and effective atomic number (Z eff ) were computed through the help of the Phy-X/PSD software [31]. The details of calculation procedures for the radiation shielding parameters can be found in [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Some Natural Rocks by Using EPICS2017 Library

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Radiation leakage is a serious problem in various technological applications. In this paper, radiation shielding characteristics of some natural rocks are elucidated. Mass attenuation coefficients (µ/ρ) of these rocks are obtained at different photon energies with the help of the EPICS2017 library. The obtained µ/ρ values are confirmed via the theoretical XCOM program by determining the correlation factor and relative deviation between both of these methods. Then, effective atomic number (Zeff), absorption length (MFP), and half value layer (HVL) are evaluated by applying the µ/ρ values. The maximum μ/ρ values of the natural rocks were observed at 0.37 MeV. At this energy, the Zeff values of the natural rocks were 16.23, 16.97, 17.28, 10.43, and 16.65 for olivine basalt, jet black granite, limestone, sandstone, and dolerite, respectively. It is noted that the radiation shielding features of the selected natural rocks are higher than that of conventional concrete and comparable with those of commercial glasses. Therefore, the present rocks can be used in various radiation shielding applications, and they have many advantages for being clean and low-cost products. In addition, we found that the EPICS2017 library is useful in determining the radiation shielding parameters for the rocks and may be used for further calculations for other rocks and construction building materials.

show abstract

“…the proton, alpha particle, and carbon ions phy-X/ZeXTRa software was used. 22 The formula for the direct method of Zeff calculation is as follows, 21…”

Section: Effective Atomic Number (Zeff)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective atomic number and photon buildup factor of bismuth doped tissue for photon and particles beam interaction

Srinivasan

Samuel

2022

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: The doping of high Z nanoparticles into the tumor tissue increases the therapeutic efficiency of radiotherapy called nanoparticle enhanced radiotherapy (NERT). In the present study, we are identifying the effective types of radiation and effective doping concentration of bismuth radiosensitizer for NERT application by analyzing effective atomic number (Zeff) and photon buildup factor (PBF) of bismuth (Bi) doped soft tissue for the photon, electron, proton, alpha particle, and carbon ion interactions. Material and methods: The direct method was used for the calculation of Zeff for photon and electron beams (10 keV-30 MeV). The phy-X/ZeXTRa software was utilized for the particle beams such as proton, alpha particle, and carbon ions (1-15 MeV). Bismuth doping concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/g were considered. The PBF was calculated over 15 keV-15 MeV energies using phy-X/PSD software. Results: The low energy photon (<100 keV) interaction with a higher concentration of Bi dopped tissue gives the higher values of Zeff. The Zeff increased with the doping concentration of bismuth for all types of radiation. The Zeff was dependent on the type of radiation, the energy of radiation, and the concentration of Bi doping. The particle beams such as electron, proton, alpha particle, and carbon ion interaction gives the less values of Zeff has compared to photon beam interaction. On the other hand, the photon buildup factor values were decreased while increasing the Bi doping concentration. Conclusions: According to Zeff and PBF, the low energy photon and higher concentration of radiosensitizer are the most effective for nanoparticle enhanced radiotherapy application. Based on the calculated values of Zeff, the particle beams such as electron, proton, alpha particle, and carbon ions were less effective for NERT application. The presented values of Zeff and PBF are useful for the radiation dosimetry in NERT.

show abstract

Phy-X/ZeXTRa: a software for robust calculation of effective atomic numbers for photon, electron, proton, alpha particle, and carbon ion interactions

Cited by 58 publications

References 29 publications

Structural, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane and Silicone Elastomer for the Fabrication of Clinical-Grade Kidney Phantom

Structural, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane and Silicone Elastomer for the Fabrication of Clinical-Grade Kidney Phantom

Nuclear Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Some Natural Rocks by Using EPICS2017 Library

Effective atomic number and photon buildup factor of bismuth doped tissue for photon and particles beam interaction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About