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Industrialisation, population growth, and concomitant demand for fresh water have immensely impacted water quality and scarcity. In particular, wastewater generated from industries generally produces high amounts of nutrients, heavy metals, and chemicals that degrade the environment. Several algal species have been studied and utilized for their role in the treatment of various types of wastewater. Conventional wastewater treatment options are often expensive and energy-demanding, and generally ineffective at completely removing contaminants. Conversely, phycoremediation technology is an emerging green approach used to remove various types of pollutants from the environment while producing valuable compounds. Compared to conventional methods, phycoremediation presents as an eco-friendly and economically attractive alternative. This paper serves as a review of an algal-based treatment technology in wastewater remediation for industry, describing the most common microalgal consortia used for this purpose. Phycoremediation challenges and strategies to urgently accelerate steps towards achieving a clean and safe environment are presented, while examples of applications in industries are also provided.
Industrialisation, population growth, and concomitant demand for fresh water have immensely impacted water quality and scarcity. In particular, wastewater generated from industries generally produces high amounts of nutrients, heavy metals, and chemicals that degrade the environment. Several algal species have been studied and utilized for their role in the treatment of various types of wastewater. Conventional wastewater treatment options are often expensive and energy-demanding, and generally ineffective at completely removing contaminants. Conversely, phycoremediation technology is an emerging green approach used to remove various types of pollutants from the environment while producing valuable compounds. Compared to conventional methods, phycoremediation presents as an eco-friendly and economically attractive alternative. This paper serves as a review of an algal-based treatment technology in wastewater remediation for industry, describing the most common microalgal consortia used for this purpose. Phycoremediation challenges and strategies to urgently accelerate steps towards achieving a clean and safe environment are presented, while examples of applications in industries are also provided.
Several studies have shown the importance of using seaweed liquid extract (True-Algae-Max, TAM) as a fish feed additive, and fish-water conditioner. In addition, TAM has demonstrated significant growth improvement when used as a plant growth biostimulant. This study investigates whether seaweed liquid extract (TAM) can achieve good results in new experimental fields such as chromium remediation, plant germination, and live feed supplementation for marine invertebrate Copepod (Oithona nana). In this study, several doses of TAM were tested, for the first time, for their impact on the remediation of chromium (Cr6+) ions from aqueous solutions and as an aqua feed additive for marine copepods (Oithona nana). In addition, it has been tested as promising for the seed germination of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The most important factors influencing the removal (%) of Cr6+, identified using a two-level Plackett–Burman factorial design, were selected for additional optimization utilizing a rotatable central composite design. The maximum adsorption of Cr6+ was 93.65% under ideal operating circumstances, which included an initial Cr6+ concentration of 60 mg L−1, a temperature of 25 °C, a pH of 3, a TAM biomass of 0.05 g, and a contact time of 60 min at agitation conditions. Plackett–Burman design data shows the significance of each factor and how well the model fits the Cr6+ removal. The results of the germination experiment revealed that the highest significant increase in seed germination was achieved using a TAM level of 0.30 mg mL−1 with V. faba (88%) and 0.03 mg mL−1 with T. foenum-graecum (96.6%). Additionally, compared to the control group, TAM at a level of 0.037 mg mL−1 showed high root length enhancement on V. faba (184%) and T. foenum-graecum (188%). The results of the copepod O. nana feeding additive experiment found that the group fed on starch supplemented with TAM at a level of 0.3 mL L−1, compared to the control group that fed starch only, showed the highest increment in population growth (134.74%), fecundity (270.16%), and population composition of males (133.45%), adults (120.37%), and nauplius (203.18%). Moreover, compared to the control group, the copepod that fed starch supplemented with TAM levels achieved the highest Omega-9 content. In conclusion, it is shown that TAM is a feasible, efficient, and sustainable solution for biodegradable adsorbent for the Cr6+ from aqueous solution, enhances plant seed germination and root length, and is a novel feed additive for marine copepod O. nana, especially in marine invertebrate hatcheries.
Global estimates specify 450 billion m3 of annual water consumption in industrial and domestic use. Approximately, 60% of wastewater generated from these applications is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus along with other trace elements and can be used as a substrate for microalgal growth to produce ∼23.5 billion tons of oil. The processing of various categories of wastewater through conventional physico-chemical or non-microalgal approaches could either be energy-intensive or unproductive. Improvement and optimization of an integrated system for microalgae delivering a sustainable cost-effective approach towards wastewater bioremediation along with simultaneous creation of commercially value-added products is of prime concern. This chapter deeply portrays the latest developments specifying wastewater characteristics, pretreatment strategies, technological prerequisites for the efficacious amalgamation of various wastewater treatments coupled with substantial microalgal cultivation systems emphasizing the various mechanisms of microalgae-mediated pollutant elimination, prospects of the treatment of diverse varieties of wastewaters using microalgal bioremediation and evaluation of capital and operational expenditures for large-scale industrial applications.
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