Phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in Bali, Indonesia

Mahardika, Gusti Ngurah; Budayanti, Nyoman Sri; Susilawathi, Ni Made; Subrata, Ketut; Darwinata, Agus Eka; Wignall, F S; Richt, Jüergen A.; Valdivia-Granda, Willy; Sudewi, Anak Agung Raka

doi:10.1017/s0950268813002021

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We previously reported that the ancestor of the Bali RABVs descended from the Kalimantan 00-18 strain, but did not differ significantly from the RABVs of Sulawesi and Flores [ 23 ]. Using a different dataset and a discrete analysis, we showed that the Bali strain originated from a relative of a Kalimantan RABV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extraction of total RNA, as well as amplification of the N gene fragment and the primer sets used in this study have been described previously [ 23 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, rabies is now a major public health problem in Bali [ 34 ]. The origin of the rabies virus (RABV) that has spread to Bali is currently unclear, although its hypothetical geographic origin is considered to be Sulawesi or Kalimantan [ 23 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia

et al. 2015

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Rabies is a major fatal zoonotic disease in Indonesia. This study was conducted to determine the recent dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in various areas and animal species throughout Indonesia. A total of 27 brain samples collected from rabid animals of various species in Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and Flores in 2008 to 2010 were investigated. The cDNA of the nucleoprotein gene from each sample was generated and amplified by one-step reverse transcription-PCR, after which the products were sequenced and analyzed. The symmetric substitution model of a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection extension of the discrete phylogeographic model of the social network was applied in BEAST ver. 1.7.5 software. The spatial dispersal was visualized in Cartographica using Spatial Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Evolutionary Dynamics. We demonstrated inter-island introduction and reintroduction, and dog was found to be the only source of infection of other animals. Ancestors of Indonesian RABVs originated in Java and its descendants were transmitted to Kalimantan, then further to Sumatra, Flores, and Bali. The Flores descendent was subsequently transmitted to Sulawesi and back to Kalimantan. The viruses found in various animal species were transmitted by the dog.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extraction of total RNA, as well as amplification of the N gene fragment and the primer sets used in this study have been described previously [ 23 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia

et al. 2015

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“…Most of the victims (>80%) are children age 6-16 yrs transmitted by dog bite mainly in 99% cases and most of the deaths occur in Asia and Africa. A recent survey by Government of Bangladesh's Disease Control Unit of Ministry of Health indicates that the number of rabies death is at least 2335 per year and more than 300,000 persons receive post-exposure treatment per year [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Knowledge, Attitude & Practice about Rabies & Pet Animals among School Children in Bangladesh

Hossain

2017

JMEN

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“…Various allegations seem to be hard to prove, but can only be proven to reveal the phylogenetic origin and a close kinship of the rabies virus. Of several isolates of rabies virus Bali that was analyzed showed that the rabies virus Bali form clusters apart, but have a close kinship with the rabies virus Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Flores (Mahardika et al, 2014) and regional rabies Indonesia has a close kinship with the rabies virus China, Malaysia, Laos, and Thailand, but it is closest to the rabies virus China (Heru Susetya, 2008). Nonetheless still required further study to more virus isolates from all districts / municipalities in Bali from all time periods since the outbreak of rabies that can be ascertained the validity of homology or genetic distance of the closest in the cluster with the rest of the rabies virus Bali, in addition to ensuring may have been a mutation or genetic recombination into a variant virus or novel virus given the use of various strains of the vaccine virus and the number of dog bite cases positive for rabies without showing any clinical symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of rabies

Putra

2018

IJCMS

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The occurrence of an outbreak of rabies in Bali as a shock to the people and local governments are instantly becoming the world's attention because of Bali as a world tourism destination. Since the first outbreak in the southern peninsula of Bali in November 2008, rabies quickly spread across the districts/municipality, until July 2015 had spread across 54 subdistricts and 263 villages. The proportion of rabies cases in the subdistricts and villages the highest occurred in 2011 is shown 94.7% and 36.7%, respectively, but its spread dropped dramatically in 2013 only occurred in 23 subdistricts (40.4%) and 38 villages (4,2%), though rabies outbreak back by increasing the number and distribution of rabies cases significantly in 2014, spread over 94 villages even until July 2015 spread over 89 villages. Rabies attacks the various breeds of dogs with the proportion of rabies in the local dogs showed the highest (98.44%), as well as the male dog, is very significantly higher than female dogs. By age group, the proportion seen in the age group of 1 to 2 years showed the highest (39.9%). Other animals, such as cats, cows, goats, and pigs have also contracted the rabies infected dog bitesthe. The incidence of rabies is endemic tend to look at some of the same villages actively repeated every year, most occur in Bangli district (29 villages), nevertheless for 3 consecutive years there were 58 villages there are no cases of rabies. The increasing number of cases of rabies in Bali due to the increasing cases of dog bites, since May 2008 to July 2015, there were 274 792 cases, an average of 34 349 cases per year, or 95 cases per day, the highest occurred in 2010 (67 021 cases) with the proportion of positive rabies highest (34.92%) as well as attack rate (AR) showed the most high (0.125%). The number of rabies from 2008 to July 2015 as many as 1,157 cases of rabies and the positive opportunities of dog bite cases continue to rise even odds 83.07 times greater than the previous year. The average prevalence in Bali is showed 16.1%, the highest in Karangasem district (26.1%), but the proportion is highest seen in Bangli district (16.94%). The increasing cases of dog bites there seem to be the influence of the season. It is seen that the number of cases of wild dogs bite or semi free-range dogs likely to increase following cycles of dogs breeding season, most occur in the dry season (April to November), except in 2008 most of the rainy season (December to March) were recorded 8 cases. It was concluded that rabies is endemic, the majority occurred in the local wild dog or semi-free-ranging dogs especially in breeding season and never yet vaccinated for rabies.

show abstract

Phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in Bali, Indonesia

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia

Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia

Study on Knowledge, Attitude & Practice about Rabies & Pet Animals among School Children in Bangladesh

Epidemiology of rabies

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