Phylogenetic analysis of Magnoliales and Myristicaceae based on multiple data sets: implications for character evolution

Abstract

Magnoliales, consisting of six families of tropical to warm‐temperate woody angiosperms, were long considered the most archaic order of flowering plants, but molecular analyses nest them among other eumagnoliids. Based on separate and combined analyses of a morphological matrix (115 characters) and multiple molecular data sets (seven variable chloroplast loci and five more conserved genes; 14 536 aligned nucleotides), phylogenetic relationships were investigated simultaneously within Magnoliales and Myristicaceae, using Laurales, Winterales, and Piperales as outgroups. Despite apparent conflicts among data sets, parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of combined data converged towards a fully resolved and well‐supported topology, consistent with higher‐level molecular analyses except for the position of Magnoliaceae: Myristicaceae + (Magnoliaceae + ((Degeneria+Galbulimima) + (Eupomatia+ Annonaceae))). Based on these results, we discuss morphological evolution in Magnoliales and show that several supposedly plesiomorphic traits are synapomorphies of Magnoliineae, the sister group of Myristicaceae (e.g. laminar stamens). Relationships within Annonaceae are also resolved with strong support (Anaxagorea basal, then ambavioids). In contrast, resolution of relationships within Myristicaceae is difficult and still incomplete, due to a very low level of molecular divergence within the family and a long stem lineage. However, our data provide good evidence that Mauloutchia is nested among other Afro‐Malagasy genera, contradicting the view that its androecium and pollen are plesiomorphic © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 125–186.

The reproductive biology of the early-divergent genus Anaxagorea (Annonaceae), and its significance for the evolutionary development of the family

“…e consideration that Anaxagorea is the sister group of the rest of the Annonaceae is based on various morphological and molecular cladistic analyses of the family (Doyle & Le omas 1994;1996;Zuilen & Koek-Noorman 1997;Doyle et al 2000;Sauquet et al 2003;Scharaschkin & Doyle 2005;2006). Recently, the monophyly of Annonaceae and the sister group relationship between Anaxagorea (subfamily Anaxagoreoideae) and the remaining Annonaceae was supported in several analyses (Chatrou et al 2012).…”

Fossil calibration of Magnoliidae, an ancient lineage of angiosperms

“…In the current consensus tree presented in Figure 1, this is the same node as crown-group Magnoliinae (the larger clade of five families found by Doyle and Endress, 2010;Sauquet et al, 2003). However, this is not the case in one of the resolved trees of Massoni et al (2014) on which this consensus tree is based, in which Magnoliaceae are the sister group of the clade consisting of Degeneria (Degeneriaceae) and Galbulimima (Himantand-8 raceae).…”

“…This result implies that Schenkeriphyllum provides a minimum age for the stem node of Magnoliaceae or the crown node of Magnoliineae, which are the same in the reference backbone tree used by Mohr et al (2013). Because the position of Magnoliaceae with respect to Himantandraceae + Degeneriaceae and Eupomatiaceae + Annonaceae remains unresolved, as discussed under Endressinia Doyle and Endress, 2000;Qiu et al, 2000Qiu et al, , 2005Qiu et al, , 2006Savolainen et al, 2000;Zanis et al, 2002Zanis et al, , 2003Sauquet et al, 2003), and the position of Endressinia is debated (see phylogenetic justification for Endressinia; Doyle and Endress, 2010;Mohr et al, 2013), we propose to use the age of Schenkeriphyllum conservatively as a minimum age for crown group Magnoliineae (Figure 1). Minimum Age.…”

Estructura, ontogenia y vascularización de las flores e inflorescencias de Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae)

“…En los pedúnculos y pedicelos de D. granadensis, el desarrollo temprano de cámbium interfascicular produce rápidamente un cilindro ininterrumpido de células derivadas que determina la conformación de una pseudosifonostela (sensu Sauquet et al, 2003;Figs. 5A); hacia el interior de dicho anillo, de manera discontinua, se dispone el protoxilema ya diferenciado.…”