Phylogenetic analysis of phospholipase C genes from Clostridium perfringens types A to E and Clostridium novyi

Tsutsui, Kunihiko; Minami, Junzaburo; Matsushita, Osamu; Katayama, Seiichi; Taniguchi, Yuki; Nakamura, Shinichi; Nishioka, Mikio; Okabe, Andakinobu

doi:10.1128/jb.177.24.7164-7170.1995

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…Η απόκτηση ή/και η απώλεια πλα σμιδίων, που πιθανόν να συμβεί κατά την καλλιέργεια των τύπων Β, C, D και Ε, πιθανώς να οδηγήσει σε αλλαγή του τύπου (Petit et al 1999). Η ταξινόμηση του C perfringens σε τοξινικούς τύπους είναι χρήσιμη για κλινικούς σκοπούς, αλλά δεν απεικονίζει τη γενε τική συγγένεια μεταξύ των τοξινών (Tsutsui et al 1995). Ενδεχομένως να υπάρχουν και άλλες τοξίνες, οι οποίες δεν έχουν ακόμη ταυτοποιηθεί.…”

Section: τοξίνες του C Perfringensunclassified

Update on the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their actions

Tsiouris

Georgopoulou

Petridou

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Clostridia appeared as a distinct class, approximately 2.7 billion years ago, before the initial formation of oxygen. Clostridium perfringens is widely distributed throughout the environment due to its ability to form spores. Furthermore, it is a member of intestinal microbiota in animals and human. In 2002, the complete genome of C perfringens strain 13 was published. Genomic analysis has revealed that C. perfringens lacks the genetic machinery to produce 13 essential amino acids and it obtains these in vivo via the action of its toxins. Toxins of C perfringens can be divided into major, minor and enterotoxin. C perfringens strains are classified into five toxinotypes (A, B, C, D and E), based on the production of four major toxins. Alpha toxin is the best and most studied major toxin of C perfringens and it was the first bacterial toxin established to possess enzymatic activity. It has haemolytic, necrotic and cytolytic activity, it can lyse platelets and leukocytes and it can damage fibroblasts and muscle cell membranes. Expression of epa gene, which is responsible for the production of alpha toxin by C perfringens, is down-regulated in the normal healthy gut, but it is upregulated to initiate enteric disease in response to an environmental signal. C perfringens appears to be regulated in a quorum sensing manner, using oligopeptides, AI-2 or both, to regulate expression of the epa gene, and thus the synthesis of alpha toxin. Beta toxin is recognized as an important agent in necrotic enteritis of humans and it is the second most lethal C. perfringens toxin following epsilon toxin. Beta toxin is a membrane spanning protein that oligomerizes to form channels in susceptible cells or it primarily acts as a neurotoxin. Epsilon toxin is the most potent of the C. perfringens toxins and the third most potent neurotoxin from the Clostridium spp., following botulinum and tetanus toxins. Epsilon toxin of C perfringens type D causes enterotoxaemia and pulpy kidneys disease of lambs. Iota toxin causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and cell barrier integrity and it is the less toxic of the major toxins of C perfringens. Although C perfringens enterotoxin is not classified as one of the major toxins of C perfringens, it is the third most common cause of food poisoning in industrialized nations. It is not secreted by the cells of growing bacteria, but it is released only with the sporulation of C perfringens. Not all strains of C perfringens carry the epe gene, which is responsible for the production of enterotoxin. Theta toxin is a pore-forming cytolysin that can lyse red blood cells. It is produced by all types of C perfringens. Together with alpha-toxin, theta-toxin modulates the host inflammatory response. ß2 toxin is a pore forming toxin which is involved in necrotic enteritis of swine and horse, in haemorragic enteritis of bovine in diarrhea cases of dogs and along with enterotoxin in diarrhea cases of humans. Recently, -NetB, a novel toxin that is associated with broiler necrotic enteritis, has been described. The mechanism of its action seems to involve the formation of small hydrophilic pores. Other toxins of C. perfringens include λ-toxin, ô-toxin, μ-toxin, v-toxin, κ-toxin, a-clostripain like protease and neuraminidase/sialidase. These toxins can act as enzymes, while many of them can act synergically or supplementally with major pore forming toxins. Potentially, C. perfringens might produce more toxins, which have not been identified. Finally, the actions of C. perfringens toxins, major or minor, in some diseases have not been figured out.

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Section: τοξίνες του C Perfringensunclassified

Update on the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their actions

Tsiouris

Georgopoulou

Petridou

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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“…The deduced amino acid sequence of KZ1340 PLC also differs from that of NCTC8237 PLC at other positions. Since such inconsistency of the amino acid sequence is observed for PLCs of various strains with the same specific activity (30), the differences at other amino acid positions do not seem to cause inactivation of KZ1340 PLC. The sequence of the predicted signal peptide is conserved.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We have characterized various C. perfringens strains in terms of PLC and the plc gene. The previous studies revealed that the variation in PLC activity of different type strains is mainly due to differences in plc gene expression (13,30). However, PLCs and their genes so far characterized are all from well-known strains, which produce varying amounts of PLC, and those of PLC-negative C. perfringens have not been investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the practical use of this strain, its genetic background must be clarified. To assess the phylogenetic relationship between KZ1340 and C. perfringens, we constructed the evolutionary tree of plc genes using nucleotide sequences determined here and in a previous study (30 Nucleotide Sequence and Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of the plc Gene Figure 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of the insert DNA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later, however, Nakamura et al assigned C. plagarum including KZ1340 to be a lecithinase-negative variant of C. perfringens. We previously (30). To deduce the origin of this unique bacterium, a neighbor-joining evolutionary tree for the entire segment of the coding region of the plc gene was reconstructed (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Phospholipase C Gene of Clostridium perfringens KZ1340 Isolated from Antarctic Soil

Kameyama

Matsushita

Katayama

et al. 1996

Microbiology and Immunology

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Clostridium perfringens KZ1340 isolated from Antarctic soil was first classified as Clostridium plagarum and later as a lecithinase-negative variant of C. perfringens. Although the strain produced no detectable lecithinase (phospholipase C, PLC) activity in the culture supernatant, it was shown by Southernblot hybridization to possess a PLC-encoding gene (plc). To determine the cause of the PLC deficiency, we cloned and sequenced the plc gene from KZ1340. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of 398 amino acid residues, coinciding with those of the plc genes previously determined. Tyrosine was substituted for histidine at amino acid position 148, which is thought to bind a zinc ion essential for PLC activity. Northern blot analysis revealed that KZ1340 expressed the plc gene at an extremely low level. Furthermore, the plc gene cloned from C. perfringens strain 13 into a plasmid was expressed weakly in KZ1340, compared to that in strain 13. This indicates that the former strain represses plc gene expression in trans. When a phylogenetic tree of plc genes was constructed, the KZ1340 plc gene formed a monophyletic branch along with those of various other C. perfringens strains, supporting the classification of the strain as a variant of C. perfringens.

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Enteric Clostridia

Songer¹

2004

Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals

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Phylogenetic analysis of phospholipase C genes from Clostridium perfringens types A to E and Clostridium novyi

Cited by 55 publications

References 43 publications

Update on the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their actions

Update on the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their actions

Analysis of the Phospholipase C Gene of Clostridium perfringens KZ1340 Isolated from Antarctic Soil

Enteric Clostridia

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