Phylogenetic diversity of ferns reveals different patterns of niche conservatism and habitat filtering between epiphytic and terrestrial assemblages

Hernández-Rojas, Adriana; Kluge, Jürgen; Noben, Sarah; Chávez, Johan David Reyes; Krömer, Thorsten; Carvajal‐Hernández, César I.; Salazar, Laura; Kessler, Michael

doi:10.21425/f5fbg50023

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…For example, in China, species richness of amphibians (Qian et al, 2007 ), seed plants (Qian, Deng, et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2011 ), and pteridophytes (Qian et al, 2021 ) is strongly associated with winter temperature. In addition, many studies on phylogenetic structure, including those for elevational gradients (e.g., Hernández‐Rojas et al, 2021 ), have also found that minimum temperature (commonly measured as minimum temperature of the coldest month) is more strongly associated with phylogenetic metrics than is temperature seasonality. Taken together, it appears that minimum temperature is commonly a stronger determinant of species richness and community composition than either annual mean temperature or temperature seasonality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a long temporal scale, the mid‐elevation zone will always be far away from areas that may be affected by water scarcity due to overheating (desertification) or by glaciations, reducing extinction risk (Vetaas et al, 2019 ). All of these factors may in turn influence the phylogenetic composition of mountain assemblages (Hernández‐Rojas et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pteridophyte species richness in the central Himalaya is limited by cold climate extremes at high elevations and rainfall seasonality at low elevations

Qian

Kessler

Vetaas

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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There is a consensus that climate factors strongly influence species richness along elevation gradients, but which factors are crucial and how they operate are still elusive. Here, we assess the relative importance of temperature‐related versus precipitation‐related variables and the relative importance of extreme climate versus climate seasonality in driving pteridophyte species richness. We used correlation and regression analyses to relate species richness of pteridophytes, and their two major groups (lycophytes, ferns), in fifty 100‐m vertical bands to climatic factors representing different aspects of climatic conditions (general climate, stressful climate, and climate seasonality). Variation partitioning analysis was used to determine the relative importance of each group of climatic factors on species richness. Across the entire elevational gradient, species richness had a parabolic response to mean annual temperature (adjusted R 2 = .87−.91), and a linear response to annual precipitation (adjusted R 2 = .82). Mean annual temperature and annual precipitation in the second‐order polynomial model together explained 96.3%−98.7% of the variation in species richness. The variation in species richness uniquely explained by minimum temperature of the coldest month was much greater than that uniquely explained by temperature seasonality, but the variation in species richness uniquely explained by precipitation during the driest month was much smaller than that uniquely explained by precipitation seasonality. Overall, extreme climate variables explained slightly more variation than did climate seasonality. Our study suggests that pteridophyte richness along the elevational gradient is largely driven by a combination of both temperature‐ and precipitation‐related parameters, although precipitation‐related variables play a slightly stronger role, and that extreme low temperature events (at high elevations) and seasonal precipitation variability (at low elevations) are the strongest determinants of pteridophyte species richness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pteridophyte species richness in the central Himalaya is limited by cold climate extremes at high elevations and rainfall seasonality at low elevations

Qian

Kessler

Vetaas

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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“…In Ecuador, one of the most species-rich countries, about 1298 fern and lycophyte species have been recorded (Neill 2012;Weigand et al 2020). Although great efforts to map their distribution have been undertaken in the Andes of Ecuador (Salazar et al 2015;Aros-Mualin et al 2021;Hernandez-Rojas et al 2021) and in the adjacent ecosystems (Tuomisto et al 2019), areas such as the north-eastern Andean slope still represent data gaps. The few field inventories in this region are still insufficient to draw general ecological conclusions about the patterns and mechanisms that shape the local community of ferns and lycophytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floristic and functional diversity of ferns and lycophytes at three elevational zones in the eastern slopes of the northern Andes, Ecuador

Riaño

Moulatlet

2022

Acta Amaz.

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The northeastern slope of the Andes is an area of high diversity of ferns and lycophytes. In this study we assessed the diversity patterns of ferns and lycophytes in ten 250 m x 2 m plots installed at three elevational zones, from 418 to 3447 m.a.s.l., in the Napo province of Ecuador. Floristic diversity was measured using Hill numbers and by partitioning species diversity. Three functional diversity indices were calculated from a set of five leaf traits and weighted by species abundance: functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve) and divergence (FDiv). To disentangle functional diversity from species richness, the standardized effect size (SES) of each index was also calculated. We recorded 148 species, Polypodiaceae and Dryopteridaceae being the most representative families. Species richness continuously decreased with elevation. Floristic composition was highly heterogeneous among elevation zones, with total species turnover found between 1500 and 2000 m.a.s.l. SES-FDiv and SES-FEve were higher than the null expectation for plots at mid-elevations, suggesting that deterministic mechanisms, such as biotic or abiotic filters, could explain assemblage composition at these sites. However, SES-FEve, SES-FRic and SES-FDiv did not differ from the null expectations at low and high elevation sites, suggesting the predominance of a stochastic process. By combining floristic and functional diversity, we were able to infer the observed community patterns with the resource-use strategies of fern and lycophytes in a mountain area, an approach that can be used to understand how assemblages might react to changing environmental conditions.

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“…We used the most complete phylogeny on ferns currently available from Hernández‐Rojas et al (2021). This time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree includes 5075 fern species and is based on six chloroplast markers ( atpB , rbcL , rps4 , rps4‐trnS IGS, trnL , trnL‐trnF IGS), 26 fossils, and three phylogenetic methods to resolve phylogenetic relationships (maximum likelihood, penalized likelihood, and relaxed‐clock model) (Testo and Sundue, 2016; Hernández‐Rojas et al, 2021). Information on spore type was obtained from a systematic bibliographic review for all extant species of the genera belonging to the class Polypodiopsida (Mellado‐Mansilla et al, 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: evidence from an evolutionary approach

Mellado‐Mansilla

Testo

Sundue

et al. 2022

American J of Botany

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Premise Approximately 14% of all fern species have physiologically active chlorophyllous spores that are much more short‐lived than the more common and dormant achlorophyllous spores. Most chlorophyllous‐spored species (70%) are epiphytes and account for almost 37% of all epiphytic ferns. Chlorophyllous‐spored ferns are also overrepresented among fern species in habitats with waterlogged soils, of which nearly 60% have chlorophyllous spores. Ferns in these disparate habitat types also have a low incidence of mycorrhizal associations. We therefore hypothesized that autotrophic chlorophyllous spores represent an adaptation of ferns to habitats with scarce mycorrhizal associations. Methods We evaluated the coevolution of chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns and their relation to habitat type using phylogenetic comparative methods. Results Although we did not find support for the coevolution of spore type and mycorrhizal associations, we did find that chlorophyllous spores and the absence of mycorrhizal associations have coevolved with epiphytic and waterlogged habitats. Transition rates to epiphytic and waterlogged habitats were significantly higher in species with chlorophyllous spores compared to achlorophyllous lineages. Conclusions Spore type and mycorrhizal associations appear to play important roles in the radiation of ferns into different habitat types. Future work should focus on clarifying the functional significance of these associations.

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Phylogenetic diversity of ferns reveals different patterns of niche conservatism and habitat filtering between epiphytic and terrestrial assemblages

Abstract: Phylogenetic diversity of ferns reveals different patterns of niche conservatism and habitat filtering between epiphytic and terrestrial assemblages Subtitle: n.a.

Cited by 17 publications

References 83 publications

Pteridophyte species richness in the central Himalaya is limited by cold climate extremes at high elevations and rainfall seasonality at low elevations

Pteridophyte species richness in the central Himalaya is limited by cold climate extremes at high elevations and rainfall seasonality at low elevations

Floristic and functional diversity of ferns and lycophytes at three elevational zones in the eastern slopes of the northern Andes, Ecuador

The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: evidence from an evolutionary approach

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