Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Abstract

The phylogenetic relationships of the genera, subgenera and species-groups of the Vespinae are analysed using cladistic techniques. The results are used as the basis for a natural classification of these wasps.The cladogram for the four genera recognized is: Vespa + (Provespa + (Dolichovespula + Vespula)). No subgenera are recognized; all those previously described are synonymized with the appropriate genus. The synonymies of Nyctovespa with Vespa and Rugovespula with Vespula are new.

Phylogeny of hornets: a total evidence approach (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae, Vespa)

“…This genus was first diagnosed from other Vespidae on the basis of the shape of the head (Thomson 1869) and especially the vertex length, which is congruent with the other synapomorphies of the genus. In our morphological and total evidence analyses, the genus Vespa is the sister-group to the other vespine genera with similar relationships to those described by Carpenter (1987). The results of Carpenter (1987) based on morphology and ours based on combined analysis contradict Pickett and Carpenter (2010).…”

“…Morphological adaptations to nocturnal habits in V. binghami such as enlarged ocelli are thus autapomorphies. Recognition of the subgenus Nyctovespa, with V. binghami as sole included species (van der Vecht 1959), would thus render the subgenus Vespa paraphyletic, and the synonymy of Nyctovespa (Carpenter 1987) is justified on that basis.…”

Classificação de Muscidae (Diptera): uma proposta através da análise cladístical

“…O PAUP foi também implementado pela possibilidade de trabalhar com matriz de dados em que podem faltar alguns elementos comparáveis (NC), com caracteres de multi-estados não ordenados e a descoberta de múltiplas árvores igualmente parcimoniosas, isto é, do mesmo comprimento (SWOFFORD, 1985). Dos diferentes métodos existentes para polarizar caracteres (vide revisões em STEVENS, 1980;MADISON et alii, 1984), o método extragrupo ("outgroup") é o mais utilizado (CARPENTER, 1987). Deste modo, para os Muscidae, foram utilizados os Fanniidae, Calliphoridae e Anthomyiidae.…”

On Consensus, Collapsibility, and Clade Concordance

“…Carpenter (1987) analysed behavioral characters for vespine wasps both separately and in combination with morphological characters. One subgenus, Rugovespula, was unknown for all the behavioral characters.…”