Fargesia
is ecologically and economically important in mountainous forests. Many
Fargesia
species are also important sources of food for some endangered animals such as the giant panda. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed
Fargesia
as a polyphyletic group despite some unclear lineage affinities. In the present study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of
Fargesia
and its allies, including
Thamnocalamus, Arundinaria
(incl.
Bashania
),
Yushania, Indocalamus, Ampelocalamus
and
Phyllostachys
, from a plastome sequence matrix that contained 20
Fargesia
and five
Yushania
species as ingroups, 16 species from nine other bamboo genera plus
Oryza sativa
and
Zea mays
as outgroups.
Fargesia
and its allies were broken into eight clades. Several
Fargesia
species were clustered into the
Thamnocalamus
clade and the
Drepanostachyum
+
Himalayacalamus
clade that rendered the polyphyly of
Fargesia
. The remaining six clades, including the
Fargesia
spathe clade, the
Phyllostachys
clade,
Arundinaria fargesii
, the
Ampelocalamus
clade, the
Fargesia grossa
clade, and the
Fargesia macclureana
clade, were identified. Molecular phylogenetic analyses supported that
Yushania
should be included in
Fargesia
(s.l.) which had synapomorphy of expanded leaf sheaths in varying degree at the basis of inflorescences, and further divided into the
Fargesia
spathe clade, the
Fargesia grossa
clade, and the
Fargesia macclureana
clade. All sampled species of
Yushania
were nested within the
Fargesia grossa
clade. The probable model of the origin of the species in the
Fargesia
spathe clade with spathe-like leaf sheath syndrome was proposed. Moreover, the formation of the spathe-like leaf sheath syndrome may be correlated with cold climatic conditions in Quaternary. Our results provide new sight into the phylogenetic relationship within
Fargesia
.