Phylogenetic relationships of spatangoid sea urchins (Echinoidea): taxon sampling density and congruence between morphological and molecular estimates

Stockley, Bruce; Smith, Andrew B.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.; Lessios, Harilaos A.; Mackenzie‐Dodds, Jacqueline

doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00201.x

Cited by 60 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…There have been two detailed phylogenetic analyses of spatangoids recently (Villier et al 2004;Stockley et al 2005). Our analysis identifies basically the same pattern, with toxasterids as the most primitive member and hemiasterids, aeropsids and micrasterids as relatively deep branches that just survive to the present.…”

Section: Stirodonts Our Analyses Clearly Suggest That the Ordermentioning

confidence: 76%

“…While there have been relatively few analyses that cover the entire group, there have been a relatively large number of cladistic analyses that have focussed on individual groups within the Echinoidea aimed at understanding detailed relationships: cidaroids (Smith & Wright 1989;Matsuoka & Inamori 1999), echinothurioids (Smith & Wright 1990;Mooi et al 2004), diadematoids (Smith & Wright 1990;Lessios 2001), stirodonts (Smith & Wright 1990), camarodonts (Smith 1988;McCartney et al 2000;Jeffery et al 2003;Lee 2003;Lee et al 2004), primitive irregulars (Smith & Anzalone 2000;Solovjev & Markov 2004;Barras 2006Barras , 2007Saucède et al 2007), cassiduloids (Suter 1994;Smith 2001;Saucède & Néraudeau 2006), clypeasteroids (Marshall 1992;Mooi 1987;Wang 1994;Mooi & Peterson 2000;Mooi et al 2000), holasteroids (David 1988;Mooi & David 1996;Smith 2004) and spatangoids (Markov & Solovjev 2001;Villier et al 2004;Stockley et al 2005;Kroh 2007). All provide detailed snapshots of parts of the phylogenetic tree of echinoids.…”

Section: Previous Work On the Systematics Of Echinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our analysis identifies basically the same pattern, with toxasterids as the most primitive member and hemiasterids, aeropsids and micrasterids as relatively deep branches that just survive to the present. In the Stockley et al (2005) analysis the bulk of living forms, fell into one of two monophyletic clades, the Paleopneustina and Brissina. These differ in their fasciole arrangement, the Paleopneustina having a lateral or latero-anal fasciole and the Brissina having a subanal fasciole .…”

Section: Stirodonts Our Analyses Clearly Suggest That the Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids

Kroh

Smith

2010

Journal of Systematic Palaeontology

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288

367

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The relationships of post-Palaeozoic echinoids at family level are established through phylogenetic analysis of 169 taxa and 306 skeletal characters (excluding pedicellariae). Previous phylogenetic analyses of echinoids have either examined specific subgroups in detail or have looked at a relatively small number of taxa selected from across the class, with sparse sampling potentially affecting the reliability of results adversely. Our new analyses represent a compromise between encompassing the diversity of form that exists, while keeping the number of taxa to a level that does not make rigorous analysis impossibly time-consuming. In constructing the taxon-character data matrix we have encountered a surprising lack of primary data on plating pattern, lantern, and girdle structure for many supposedly "well-known" taxa. A well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis was obtained and is used as the basis for a formal classification. Characters generally have a high retention index (>0.7) but low consistency index (<0.25) suggesting that, although characters are largely retained after they first evolve, most also undergo occasional reversal or convergence. Although parts of the resulting trees are only weakly supported (e.g. the precise sister group of the Irregularia), other parts are unambiguously resolved. Not unexpectedly, deep nodes are often not supported by unique apomorphies and higher taxa acquire their characteristic set of features over time. Diagnoses based on crown group taxa thus often fail to encompass fossil stem-group members adequately. Establishing the relationships of taxa at the root of large groups is hampered by limited character resolution. The influence of fossil taxa on the topology was explored by comparing the tree topologies obtained with and without their inclusion. We show that removal of fossils from stem groups makes no difference where their crown group is morphologically conservative, but has a major influence where extant sister groups are separated by large morphological gaps. Completeness of the echinoid record and its match to the stratigraphical record of first occurrences is tested using various metrics and found to be highly congruent, with irregular echinoids showing a higher congruence than regular ones.

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Section: Stirodonts Our Analyses Clearly Suggest That the Ordermentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Previous Work On the Systematics Of Echinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stirodonts Our Analyses Clearly Suggest That the Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids

Kroh

Smith

2010

Journal of Systematic Palaeontology

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288

367

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“…For our dataset, we used previously published mitochondrial 16s, 18s, and 28s small subunit rRNA sequence data (49)(50)(51), which comprises the most comprehensive known molecular dataset with respect to echinoid taxonomic sampling. Although such a dataset for inference of topology has limited use compared with more widely used phylogenomic datasets, we accounted for uncertainty in topology and branch length in our downstream ancestral state reconstructions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleogenomics of echinoids reveals an ancient origin for the double-negative specification of micromeres in sea urchins

Thompson

Erkenbrack

Hinman

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Establishing a timeline for the evolution of novelties is a common, unifying goal at the intersection of evolutionary and developmental biology. Analyses of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provide the ability to understand the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms responsible for the origin of morphological structures both in the development of an individual and across entire evolutionary lineages. Accurately dating GRN novelties, thereby establishing a timeline for GRN evolution, is necessary to answer questions about the rate at which GRNs and their subcircuits evolve, and to tie their evolution to paleoenvironmental and paleoecological changes. Paleogenomics unites the fossil record and all aspects of deep time, with modern genomics and developmental biology to understand the evolution of genomes in evolutionary time. Recent work on the regulatory genomic basis of development in cidaroid echinoids, sand dollars, heart urchins, and other nonmodel echinoderms provides an ideal dataset with which to explore GRN evolution in a comparative framework. Using divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstructions, we have determined the age of the double-negative gate (DNG), the subcircuit which specifies micromeres and skeletogenic cells in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We have determined that the DNG has likely been used for euechinoid echinoid micromere specification since at least the Late Triassic. The innovation of the DNG thus predates the burst of post-Paleozoic echinoid morphological diversification that began in the Early Jurassic. Paleogenomics has wide applicability for the integration of deep time and molecular developmental data, and has wide utility in rigorously establishing timelines for GRN evolution.evolution | evo-devo | euechinoid | cidaroid | gene regulatory networks

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“…The systematic classification used throughout this study is based upon results obtained by Jensen ( , 1988, , , Ax (2003), Smith (2005), Stockley et al (2005), and . Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) constitute the sister taxon to sea urchins, while Cidaroida are the most primitive taxon within the Echinoidea and sister taxon to Euechinoidea.…”

Section: Systematic Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn

Carr¹

2017

Geschichte Der Anorganischen Chemie

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SummaryEchinoidea (sea urchins) are a group of benthic marine invertebrates that belong to the deuterostome taxon Echinodermata. Although extensive data have been gathered on larval and adult hard-part anatomy of sea urchins, for several reasons the knowledge of echinoid soft tissue anatomy is still fragmentary. For example, published works report differences in various taxa regarding the presence or absence of prominent internal organs such as the primary siphon, the gastric caecum, or the spongy bodies.The major aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the potential of two non-invasive imaging techniques, namely magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and micro-computed tomography (µCT), to visualize, in combination with advanced 3D modeling protocols, internal structures of sea urchins and to apply these techniques for large-scale comparative morphological analyses. In order to significantly extend taxon sampling, valuable specimens from museum collections were selected to be included in this study.MRI proved to be ideally suited to depict internal structures of invertebrates non-invasively, especially soft tissues, at isotropic resolutions well below 100 µm. Due to the simple specimen preparation as well as straight-forward imaging protocols, a high specimen throughput could be accomplished. Based on the digital tomographic datasets, 3D models were assembled in order to visualize selected features of echinoid soft tissue anatomy. Although imaging of soft tissues was practically impossible using conventional desktop µCT equipment due to the physical properties inherent in X-ray technology, this technique was successfully employed to visualize sea urchin hard-part anatomy at isotropic resolutions below 20 µm. MRI and µCT can therefore be seen as complementary non-invasive imaging techniques, especially for echinoderm specimens in which soft-and hard-part anatomy are equally present.To explore novel ways of communication and deposition of the acquired datasets as well as 3D models, these were made publicly available through the Internet and by integrating 3D data into PDF-based scientific publications. This approach included also the use of data from a central data repository for protein structures.The axial complex, a highly specialized organ also found in other echinoderm taxa, was then selected for an exemplary comparative study involving dozens of sea urchin species in order to highlight the possibilities offered by non-invasive imaging techniques combined with dissection, histology, and a reappraisal of information from published work. The results suggest an architectural interdependence of the axial complex with various other internal organs present in sea urchins.Finally, an attempt was made to evaluate the potential of echinoid soft tissue structures to extend the current list of morphological characters used for phylogenetic inferences. A set of selected soft tissue characters was therefore assembled and evaluated for every major sea urchin taxon. The results provide significant phylogenetic informa...

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Phylogenetic relationships of spatangoid sea urchins (Echinoidea): taxon sampling density and congruence between morphological and molecular estimates

Cited by 60 publications

References 35 publications

The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids

The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids

Paleogenomics of echinoids reveals an ancient origin for the double-negative specification of micromeres in sea urchins

Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn

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