Phylogenetic relationships of the western North American cyprinid genus Richardsonius, with an overview of phylogeographic structure

Evaluating the genetic status of a Great Basin endemic minnow: the relict dace (Relictus solitarius)

“…Posterior probabilities for each node were estimated using a majority rule consensus of the remaining topologies. Phylogenies were rooted to pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) because it is one of the most distant relatives of relict dace and speckled dace within the included outgroup taxa (see Estabrook et al 2007;Houston et al 2010a).…”

“…This vicariant diversification is overlain with dispersal events that coincide with more recent climatic or geological incidents (Smith 1981;Minckley et al 1986;Smith et al 2002;Oakey et al 2004;Houston et al 2010a). The diversity and distribution of fish fauna in western North America has more recently been influenced by anthropogenic activities (Frissell 1993;Williams et al 1996;Martin and Wilcox 2004;Schlyer 2007;Fausch et al 2009).…”

“…Speckled dace and relict dace are not close relatives [see phylogenies published by Estabrook et al (2007), Bufalino and Mayden (2010), and Houston et al (2010a)], but hybridization is common among minnows (Smith 1992;Dowling and DeMarais 1993). Intergeneric hybridization among various North American minnows has been documented (e.g., Smith 1973; Grady and Cashner 1988;Aspinwall et al 1993), in some cases resulting in introgression (Smith 1992), and speckled dace are known to have hybridized with another widespread western North American cyprinid, the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) (Smith 1973).…”

Setting Conservation Priorities in a Widespread Species: Phylogeographic and Physiological Variation in the Lake Chub, Couesius plumbeus (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

“…The BEAST analysis produced an estimated time of divergence between western and eastern clades that ranged between 2.5 and 3.1 million years ago (i.e., beginning of the Pleistocene to the late Pliocene), but a highest probability density distribution that ranged from 0.491 to 8.6 million years ago (i.e., late Pleistocene to late Miocene). Given that the current geographic distribution of the western and eastern clades overlaps with areas known to have acted as Pleistocene glacial refugia (e.g., Mississippi/Missouri and Atlantic, respectively), the divergence between these two lineages may have resulted from Pleistocene glaciations or perhaps by earlier climate-induced vicariant events in the Pliocene-Miocene [20,21]. These divergence time estimates are not inconsistent with values obtained using a range of molecular clock sequence divergence estimates for cytochrome b of about 1.4-2.4% per million years derived for other cyprinid fishes (e.g., [21]), i.e., estimates of divergence between 1.6 and 2.7 million years ago.…”

“…Given that the current geographic distribution of the western and eastern clades overlaps with areas known to have acted as Pleistocene glacial refugia (e.g., Mississippi/Missouri and Atlantic, respectively), the divergence between these two lineages may have resulted from Pleistocene glaciations or perhaps by earlier climate-induced vicariant events in the Pliocene-Miocene [20,21]. These divergence time estimates are not inconsistent with values obtained using a range of molecular clock sequence divergence estimates for cytochrome b of about 1.4-2.4% per million years derived for other cyprinid fishes (e.g., [21]), i.e., estimates of divergence between 1.6 and 2.7 million years ago. Although all such estimates are subject to assumptions, are uncertain, and we cannot necessarily tie them to specific vicariant events that impacted lake chub, our results do imply that the divergence is a relatively ancient, pre-Wisconsinan one, and thus it satisfies the evolutionary -significance‖ criterion for DU recognition [9].…”