Phylogeny and Evolution of Butterflies of the Genus Parnassius: Inferences from Mitochondrial 16S and ND1 Sequences

Abstract

-Phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Parnassius and its related taxa were analyzed by comparing nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (504 sites) and NADHdehydrogenase subunit 1 (469 sites). In the phylogenetic trees, Parnassius was found to be most closely related to Hypermnestra helios , whereas Archon apollinus , which has been classified in the tribe Parnassiini together with Parnassius and Hypermnestra , was more closely related to members of the tribe Zerynthiini. Within the Parnassius clade, six major clades corresponding to species groups were well supported, although the phylogenetic relationships among them were not clear. Although the results of the present study were in agreement with those of a previous phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 5 sequences, our study strongly supported a close relationship between Parnassius and Hypermnestra , which was not well supported in the previous study.

Molecular systematics and evolution of the recently discovered “Parnassian” butterfly (Parnassius davydovi Churkin, 2006) and its allied species (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae)

“…Further study adding data of the 16S and ND1 sequences, as well as more detailed statistical analyses, confirmed the result mentioned above (Katoh et al, 2005). Nazari and his colleagues reported detailed molecular systematic studies using a large set of data of five mtDNA loci (COI, COII, ND5, ND1, 16S) together with two nuclear DNA loci (EF1α and wg).…”

“…Omoto et al (2004) firstly indicated that the tribe Parnassiini (Parnassius, Hypermnestra and Archon) is not a monophyletic group. This relation was confirmed by Katoh et al (2005), Nazari et al (2007) and Michel et al (2008).…”

Phylogeography of Koramius charltonius (Gray, 1853) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): a case of too many poorly circumscribed subspecies

“…Omoto et al (2004) showed that Hypermnestra Ménétriès, 1848 is more closely related to Parnassius than to Archon Hübner, 1822, and they divided Parnassius into eight groups. Katoh et al (2005) made the same conclusions. and showed that Hypermnestra and Parnassius form sister groups.…”

“…The species is distributed also in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet and India; however, it is not easy to get fresh material from these countries. We did use several samples from these locations to see how they are connected to our delimited area and we included samples of K. charltonius from GenBank (mainly from publications of Omoto et al 2004;Katoh et al 2005;Michel et al 2008;Churkin and Michel 2014; Tables 2, 3) and also other taxa as outgroups and for calibration points (Hypermnestra helios (Nickerl, 1846), Koramius stoliczkanus (Felder & Felder, 1865), K. acdestis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891), K. augustus (Fruhstorfer, 1903), K. imperator (Oberthür, 1883), K. inopinatus (Kotzsch, 1940), K. autocrator (Avinov, 1913), K. loxias (Püngeler, 1901)) (Table 4). To overcome the problem with potentially incorrect collecting information for the taxonomic part of our work, in cases of uncertainty we restricted our data to the type material and we omitted material from GenBank.…”

Phylogeography of Parnassius apollo: hints on taxonomy and conservation of a vulnerable glacial butterfly invader

“…1C) confirms the monophyletic status of the species and the close relatedness to the P. phoebus–P. bremeri complex (Omoto et al ., 2004; Katoh et al ., 2005), with an average patristic nucleotide distance ( P. apollo vs. P. phebus–P. bremeri ) of 0.034 (SD = 0.004).…”