Phylogeny and systematics of the genus Clonostachys

Abstract

IntroductionClonostachys, a genus with rich morphological and ecological diversity in Bionectriaceae, has a wide distribution among diverse habitats.Methods and ResultsIn the present study, a phylogenetic framework is reconstructed for the family Bionectriaceae focusing on Clonostachys through increased taxon-sampling using the nrLSU sequence. Through surveying Clonostachys in China, Vietnam, and Thailand over the past 3 years, seven Clonostachys spp. were found and identified. Two new species, C. chuyangsinensis and C. kunmingensis, are described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. The phylogenetic positions of the seven species were evaluated based on four genomic loci (ITS, nrLSU, TUB2, and TEF1).DiscussionMoreover, the genetic divergence comparisons of Clonostachys species for three markers (ITS, TUB2, and TEF1) are also provided. The results indicated that the TEF1 sequence data provided the best resolution for distinguishing species of Clonostachys, followed by sequence data for the TUB2 and ITS regions.

Species diversity and major host/substrate associations of the genus Akanthomyces (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae)

“…The Akanthomyces strains were isolated from the soil samples, based on the methods described by Wang et al (2015) and Wang et al (2023b) . Briefly, 2 g of soil were added to a flask containing 20 ml sterilised water and glass beads.…”

Diversity of spider families parasitized by fungal pathogens: a global review

“…Information on the reproductive mode of the fungal species associated with spiders (see Appendix 1, third column) was extracted from various literature sources: – Samson & Evans 1973; Sung et al 2001; Swart et al 2001; Benny 2008; Rivera 2009; Evans 2013; James et al 2016; Kepler et al 2017; Walther et al 2019; St. Leger & Wang 2020; Xu et al 2021; Yu et al 2021; Chen et al 2022a; Mongkolsamrit et al 2022; Wang et al 2023a; https://fungalgenera.org/genus/acrodontium.html: Acrodontium , Akanthomyces , Aphanocladium , Apiotrichum , Aspergillus , Basidiobolus , Beauveria , Cladosporium , Clathroconium , Clonostachys , Conidiobolus , Engyodontium , Gibellula , Hevansia , Hirsutella , Hymenostilbe , Jenniferia (i.e., Jenniferia cinerea – other Jenniferia spp. classified differently, see below), Lecanicillium , Metarhizium , Mucor , Neoaraneomyces , Parahevansia , Parengyodontium , Penicillium , Pseudogibellula , Pseudometarhizium , Purpureocillium [= Nomuraea ], Sporodiniella , Tolypocladium , and unknown Hyphomycetes were found with asexual morphs (A). – Evans 2013; Mongkolsamrit et al 2022: Cordyceps , Ophiocordyceps , Polystromomyces , and Torrubiella represent the sexual reproductive stage (S). – Mongkolsamrit et al 2022, 2023: Bhushaniella rubra , Jenniferia griseocinerea and J. thomisidarum represent species which were found with asexual and sexual morphs (A, S). – Malloch et al 1978: Cryptococcus depauperatus (sexual morph named Filobasidiella arachnophila was found on a dead spider) (S). – Evans & Samson 1982, Evans 2013: Cordyceps farinosa (asexual morph Isaria farinosa [= Paecilomyces farinosus ] was found on dead spiders) (A). – Evans 2013; Thúy et al 2015: Cordyceps javanica (asexual morph [= Isaria javanica ] was found on dead spiders) (A). …”

“…– Samson & Evans 1973; Sung et al 2001; Swart et al 2001; Benny 2008; Rivera 2009; Evans 2013; James et al 2016; Kepler et al 2017; Walther et al 2019; St. Leger & Wang 2020; Xu et al 2021; Yu et al 2021; Chen et al 2022a; Mongkolsamrit et al 2022; Wang et al 2023a; https://fungalgenera.org/genus/acrodontium.html: Acrodontium , Akanthomyces , Aphanocladium , Apiotrichum , Aspergillus , Basidiobolus , Beauveria , Cladosporium , Clathroconium , Clonostachys , Conidiobolus , Engyodontium , Gibellula , Hevansia , Hirsutella , Hymenostilbe , Jenniferia (i.e., Jenniferia cinerea – other Jenniferia spp. classified differently, see below), Lecanicillium , Metarhizium , Mucor , Neoaraneomyces , Parahevansia , Parengyodontium , Penicillium , Pseudogibellula , Pseudometarhizium , Purpureocillium [= Nomuraea ], Sporodiniella , Tolypocladium , and unknown Hyphomycetes were found with asexual morphs (A).…”

“…Status of fungi as pathogens, facultative pathogens, saprobes or other types of fungus/spider associations : An assignment of the fungal species associated with spiders to a particular infection type (see Appendix 1, second column) was based on the following literature sources: – Evans & Samson 1987; Bibbs et al 2013; Evans 2013; Manfrino et al 2017; Shrestha et al 2019; Chen et al 2022a; Wang et al 2023a; Mongkolsamrit et al 2023: Bhushaniella rubra , Clathroconium arachnicola , Clathroconium sp., Clonostachys aranearum , Metarhizium anisopliae , Mucor fragilis , Neoaraneomyces araneicola , Pseudometarhizium araneogenum , Purpureocillium lilacinum, all Cordycipitaceae, all Ophiocordycipitaceae, all unidentified Hypocreales considered as pathogens (P). – Noordam et al 1998; Koukol 2010; Evans 2013; Chang et al 2022: Acrodontium crateriforme , Conidiobolus sp., Mucor hiemalis , Mucor sp., Sporodiniella umbellata , and some unidentifiable Hyphomycetes all characterized as facultative pathogens (FP). – Tan et al 2022: Penicillium tealii characterized as hyperparasite of another fungus species (i.e., Gibellula sp.) (H). – Greif & Currah 2007; Yoder et al 2009; Koukol 2010; Nováková et al 2018a,b; https://fungalgenera.org/genus/acrodontium.html: Acrodontium crateriforme , Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Conidiobolus coronatus , Mucor spp., Penicillium spp.…”

“…– Evans & Samson 1987; Bibbs et al 2013; Evans 2013; Manfrino et al 2017; Shrestha et al 2019; Chen et al 2022a; Wang et al 2023a; Mongkolsamrit et al 2023: Bhushaniella rubra , Clathroconium arachnicola , Clathroconium sp., Clonostachys aranearum , Metarhizium anisopliae , Mucor fragilis , Neoaraneomyces araneicola , Pseudometarhizium araneogenum , Purpureocillium lilacinum, all Cordycipitaceae, all Ophiocordycipitaceae, all unidentified Hypocreales considered as pathogens (P).…”