Phylogeny, genetic diversity and phylogeography of the genusCodoma(Teleostei,Cyprinidae)

Abstract

This study represents a thorough analysis of Codoma, a monotypic genus endemic to north‐western Mexico. A previous morphological analysis of the species concluded that there exists several morphological groups in Codoma ornata, suggesting diversity in Codoma could be underestimated. No studies have examined the genetic diversity in Codoma ornata to test this hypothesis and identify independent lineages. We present a phylogeographic analysis using one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, and specimens from across nine major drainages in both the Chihuahuan Desert and the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico. All genes and analyses recovered populations of Codoma in a well‐supported clade and sister to Tampichthys, and this clade sister to Cyprinella. Analyses of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes indicated Codoma is not monotypic and recover more diversity in the genus than currently recognized. The four (mitochondrial) and five (nuclear) genetically distinct lineages are consistent with those groups outlined in the prior morphological study of the genus. Composition and distribution of these major lineages is also consistent with prior biogeographic hypothesis for other fishes in the region, supporting an ancestral Rio Grande system extending south towards central Mexico. Fragmentation of this paleosystem was followed by allopatric speciation in the Chihuahuan Desert. These results suggest a scenario of long‐term isolation in four major regions (upper Conchos, lower Conchos, Nazas, upper Mezquital). Resolution of the diversity and biogeography of these lineages has many implications for various biological disciplines, especially for evolutionary and conservation studies.

Time and environment explain the current richness distribution of non‐marine turtles worldwide

“…Considering this possibility and that drainage basins have also changed over the history of the planet (Galloway et al 2011), distribution patterns in turtles may be more linked to the evolution of drainage basins, and display patterns similar to the ones reported for fishes (Schonhuth et al 2015). Considering this possibility and that drainage basins have also changed over the history of the planet (Galloway et al 2011), distribution patterns in turtles may be more linked to the evolution of drainage basins, and display patterns similar to the ones reported for fishes (Schonhuth et al 2015).…”

“…Although biomes might also be a good surrogate of habitat diversity for turtles, the very weak influence of area  time on turtle diversity may be explained by the high proportion of aquatic species in the group, which presumably are more directly influenced by rivers and wetlands than for ecoregional terrestrial areas. Considering this possibility and that drainage basins have also changed over the history of the planet (Galloway et al 2011), distribution patterns in turtles may be more linked to the evolution of drainage basins, and display patterns similar to the ones reported for fishes (Schonhuth et al 2015). Future studies modelling the evolution of freshwater habitats over the history of the planet could provide interesting insights for understanding turtle diversity.…”

Strong genetic structure and signs of population bottlenecks in the land snailHumboldtiana durangoensisin the Sierra Madre Occidental of Western Mexico

“…The Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOc) in Western Mexico is a mainly volcanic province of Tertiary origin that extends from the Southwestern United States to Central Mexico through 1,200 km of length and 200 km of width (Ferrari, Pasquare, Venegas‐Salgado, & Romero‐Ríos, ; López‐González, Correa‐Ramírez, & García, ). This volcanic system has acted both as a barrier that promoted diversification of many taxa as well as an important corridor for dispersal and expansion during Pleistocene glaciations (Bryson, Murphy, Lathrop, & Lazcano, ; Rodríguez‐Banderas, Vargas‐Mendoza, Buonamici, & Vendramin, ; Ruiz, Rinehart, Hayes, & Zuñiga, ; Schönhuth et al., ; Schönhuth et al, ). It has been hypothesized that Pleistocene climatic changes could lead to contraction and expansion of pine‐oak forests in the SMOc (McDonald, ; Spellman & Klicka, ).…”

Pluvial Drainage Patterns and Holocene Desiccation Influenced the Genetic Architecture of Relict Dace, Relictus solitarius (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

“…Shifting drainage patterns have affected the evolution of many western North American aquatic taxa through the resulting isolation of populations, or novel contact between those that were previously isolated [ 3 – 9 ]. Several western North American freshwater fishes exhibit deep genetic divergences associated with these ancient changes to the landscape [ 10 – 14 ], and many exhibit intra-specific cryptic genetic diversity [ 15 – 22 ].…”