Phylogeny, host-parasite relationship and zoogeography

Abstract

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group or the lineage of organisms and is reconstructed based on morphological, molecular and other characteristics. The genealogical relationship of a group of taxa is often expressed as a phylogenetic tree. The difficulty in categorizing the phylogeny is mainly due to the existence of frequent homoplasies that deceive observers. At the present time, cladistic analysis is believed to be one of the most effective methods of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree. Excellent computer program software for phylogenetic analysis is available. As an example, cladistic analysis was applied for nematode genera of the family Acuariidae, and the phylogenetic tree formed was compared with the system used currently. Nematodes in the genera Nippostrongylus and Heligmonoides were also analyzed, and the validity of the reconstructed phylogenetic trees was observed from a zoogeographical point of view. Some of the theories of parasite evolution were briefly reviewed as well. Coevolution of parasites and humans was discussed with special reference to the evolutionary relationship between Enterobius and primates.

Redescription and resurrection of Bertiella satyri (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) parasitizing the orangutan (Pongo abelii) in Indonesia

“…And, in addition,"… un tel échange s'accomplit aussi, evec une réelle activité, entre l'Homme et les animaux et entre animaux d'espèces très differentes." This hypothesis has not been unambiguously accepted in recent years (Beveridge 1985;Hasegawa 1999;Tenora et al 2004;Hoberg 2006). Our reexamination of the material of Chandler (1925) indicates that he did not work with the species Bertiella satyri.…”

7.21 Order Spirurida

“…Several studies focused on the phylogenetic relationships within the Acuarioidea concerning mainly the level of development of the shape of the cordons and the collarets (Chabaud & Petter 1959, Baru š & Majumdar 1975, Sergeeva 1978, Smogorzhevskaya 1990. The monophyly of the three subfamilies and the basal position for the Schistorophinae was supported by the cladistic analysis of Hasegawa (1999). Quentin et al (1972), based on the morphological similarities between the second larval stage of Acuaria anthuris (Rudolphi 1819) and the adult stages of Cystidicolinae, suggested a phylogenetic relationship between Cystidicolidae (Habronematoidea) and Acuariidae.…”

“…Paracuaria Rao, 1951, monotypic, parasite of diverse fish-eating birds, from Charadriiformes, Gaviiformes, Ciconiiformes (families Podicipedidae and Pelecanidae), Anseriformes and two species in European shrews and Pyrenean desman, cosmopolitan. We follow Hasegawa (1999) in recognizing Molinacuaria as a member of Schistorophinae in contrast to Wong & Lankester (1985a), who described the genus in Seuratiinae. The genera Skrjabinocara and Decorataria are regarded as distinct from Syncuaria (see Chabaud 1975b, Smogorzhevskaya 1990, Mutafchiev & Georgiev 2011.…”