Phylogeny of the genus Tordylium (Tordylineae, Apioideae, Apiaceae) inferred from morphological data

Abstract

Tordylium is a medium‐sized genus characterized by an annual habit, 1–3‐pinnate leaves, dorsally compressed mericarps, and thickened mericarp margins. Eighteen Tordylium species occur in Turkey, of which seven are endemic. Although the morphology of the genus is well known, evolutionary relationships among its species have never been evaluated. In this study, phylogenetic relationships within Tordylium are investigated using parsimony analysis based on morphological data from 17 ingroup and 15 outgroup taxa from Turkey. The results indicate that Tordylium is paraphyletic due to the inclusion of Ormosciadium. Further, it suggests that Hasselquistia, Condylocarpus and Ainsworthia are nested within Tordylium, confirming their current taxonomic treatment as synonyms. Within the paraphyletic Tordylium, two major clades are apparent, but these clades are not compatible with the current sub‐generic classification. Tordylium lanatum, T. aegyptiacum and T. elegans, which have dimorphic mericarps, form a monophyletic subclade. In addition, it is suggested that T. aegaeum should be accepted as a distinct species rather than as a synonym of T. pestalozzae.

New Chromosome Numbers and Karyotype Analysis of Tordylium (Apiaceae) Species with Emphasis on Their Systematics and Evolutionary Significance

“…To understand the evolution of chromosome numbers the phylogenetic hypothesis of Doğru-Koca [25] has been used (Figure 2). Tordylium has too heterogeneous cytotypes.…”

“…According to the last revision [16], the infrageneric classification has been formed such as Ainsworthia as subgenus; Condylocarpus and Hasselquistia as sections. However, the phylogenetic topology based morphological data contradicts Al-Eisawi and Jury's [16] infrageneric classification of the genus [25]. Therefore, it is revealed that the current subgeneric and sectional divisions are unnatural.…”

“…To understand the evolution of chromosome numbers we have used phylogenetic hypothesis inferred by Maximum Parsimony analysis based morphological characteristics from Doğru-Koca [25] (Figure 2). The classification of the genus according to the last revision by Al-Eisawi and Jury [16] has been implemented to this cladogram.…”