Phylogeny of the genus &lt;i&gt;Pythium&lt;/i&gt; and description of new genera

Uzuhashi, Shihomi; Tojo, Motoaki; Kakishima, Makoto

doi:10.47371/mycosci.myc51337

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…sensu lato (s.l. ), which have recently been reclassified as Elongisporangium , Globisporangium , Phytopythium ( Ovatisporangium ), Pilasporangium , and Pythium sensu stricto (s.s.) [ 48 , 49 ]. Most species of Globisporangium are plant pathogens, with G. ultimum causing tomato root rot [ 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Farming Allows Balanced Fungal and Oomycetes Communities

2023

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Conventional and organic farming systems affect soils differently, thereby influencing microbial diversity and composition. Organic farming, which relies on natural processes, biodiversity, and cycles adapted to local conditions, is generally known to improve soil texture and alleviate microbial diversity loss compared with that of conventional farming, which uses synthetic inputs such as chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides. Although they affect the health and productivity of host plants, the community dynamics of fungi and fungi-like oomycetes (under Chromista) in organic farmland are poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the differences in the diversity and composition of fungi and oomycetes inhabiting organic and conventional farm soils using culture-based DNA barcoding and culture-independent environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. Four tomato farms with different farming practices were selected and investigated: mature pure organic (MPO) via non-pesticide and organic fertiliser, mature integrated organic (MIO) via non-pesticide and chemical fertiliser, mature conventional chemical (MCC) via both pesticide and chemical fertiliser, and young conventional chemical (YCC). Culture-based analysis revealed that different genera were dominant on the four farms: Linnemannia in MPO, Mucor in MIO, and Globisporangium in MCC and YCC. eDNA metabarcoding demonstrated that the fungal richness and diversity on the MPO farm were higher than that on other farms. Both conventional farms exhibited simpler fungal and oomycete network structures with lower phylogenetic diversity. Interestingly, a high richness of oomycetes was shown in YCC; in which, Globisporangium, a potential pathogenic group on tomato plants, was abundantly observed. Our findings indicate that organic farming enhances fungal and oomycete diversity, which may provide robust support for maintaining healthy and sustainable agricultural practices. This study contributes to our knowledge on the positive effects of organic farming on crop microbiomes and provides essential information for maintaining biological diversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Farming Allows Balanced Fungal and Oomycetes Communities

2023

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“…Unlike Phytophthora, the genus Pythium was, in multigene phylogenetic analyses, shown to be polyphyletic [10,12,[17][18][19] and, consequently, divided into Pythium sensu stricto and four new genera, i.e., Phytopythium (syn. Ovatisporangium), Elongisporangium, Globisporangium and Pilasporangium [20][21][22][23]. Because of its phylogenetic relatedness and morphological similarity to Phytophthora, Phytopythium was assigned to the Peronosporaceae, whereas the other four genera constitute the Pythiaceae [4,6,9,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrospora gen. nov., a New Peronosporaceae Genus with Aerial Lifestyle from a Natural Cloud Forest in Panama

Jung

Balcì

Broders

et al. 2023

JoF

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During a survey of Phytophthora diversity in Panama, fast-growing oomycete isolates were obtained from naturally fallen leaves of an unidentified tree species in a tropical cloud forest. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the nuclear ITS, LSU and ßtub loci and the mitochondrial cox1 and cox2 genes revealed that they belong to a new species of a new genus, officially described here as Synchrospora gen. nov., which resided as a basal genus within the Peronosporaceae. The type species S. medusiformis has unique morphological characteristics. The sporangiophores show determinate growth, multifurcating at the end, forming a stunted, candelabra-like apex from which multiple (8 to >100) long, curved pedicels are growing simultaneously in a medusa-like way. The caducous papillate sporangia mature and are shed synchronously. The breeding system is homothallic, hence more inbreeding than outcrossing, with smooth-walled oogonia, plerotic oospores and paragynous antheridia. Optimum and maximum temperatures for growth are 22.5 and 25–27.5 °C, consistent with its natural cloud forest habitat. It is concluded that S. medusiformis as adapted to a lifestyle as a canopy-dwelling leaf pathogen in tropical cloud forests. More oomycete explorations in the canopies of tropical rainforests and cloud forests are needed to elucidate the diversity, host associations and ecological roles of oomycetes and, in particular, S. medusiformis and possibly other Synchrospora taxa in this as yet under-explored habitat.

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Incidence and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands in Slovakia

et al. 2023

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The common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the main forest-forming species in Slovakia and its share accounts for over 31% of the total forest area in this country. Recently, there are more and more reports of the deterioration of the health of this species in Europe, incl. as a result of the action of pathogens of the genus Phytophthora. The aim of this study is to confirm the presence of pathogens of the genus Phytophthora in beech forests in Slovakia. Ten plots in central and western Slovakia were selected for the study. The presence of: P. x cambivora, P. cactorum, P. plurivora, Globisporangium macrosporum, and G. heterothallicum was confirmed in the samples taken. A pathogenicity test was performed to confirm Koch’s postulates. After three months, the plants were gently taken out, and then: the pathogen was reisolated from the roots to confirm its presence in the tissues, the root systems were scanned and the image was analyzed with WinRhizo software, and finally the roots were dried to obtaining dry biomass. Additionally, during the course of the experiment, the degree of infection of the plants was assessed weekly in order to calculate the area under the disease-progress curve. The conducted research showed the greatest threat from P. x cambivora. In this variant, the symptoms of plant dieback were observed the fastest, as well as the pathogen, compared to the control variant, significantly damaged the root systems.

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Phylogeny of the genus <i>Pythium</i> and description of new genera

Cited by 3 publications

References 33 publications

Organic Farming Allows Balanced Fungal and Oomycetes Communities

Organic Farming Allows Balanced Fungal and Oomycetes Communities

Synchrospora gen. nov., a New Peronosporaceae Genus with Aerial Lifestyle from a Natural Cloud Forest in Panama

Incidence and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands in Slovakia

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