Phylogeny of the Staphylococcal Major Autolysin and Its Use in Genus and Species Typing

Albrecht, Till; Raue, Stefan; Rosenstein, Ralf; Nieselt, Kay; Götz, Friedrich

doi:10.1128/jb.06609-11

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Of note, the nonsynonymous mutation rates were higher in the AtlL R2 domain (d N /d S , 0.416) than in the AtlL R3 domain (d N /d S , 0.258), unlike the data of AtlE of S. epidermidis, for which the AtlE R3 was the most polymorphic domain (63). The allelic variation in these repeated sequences might reflect differences in the target sites of both hydrolytic enzymes, AM-R1-R2 and GL-R3, at the murein structure (42), and it might affect their adhesion ability. Interestingly, Bose et al (64) recently showed that S. aureus AM and GL have nonredundant functions in cell division, autolysis, and biofilm formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Indeed, AtlL might play a role in virulence, as it has been shown in vitro through biofilm formation and in vivo in the C. elegans model (41). As AtlL presents high identity percentage with all staphylococcal bifunctional autolysins (40,42,43), it might be involved in the internalization of the bacteria in the eukaryote cell (59). Furthermore, the agr quorum-sensing and signal transduction system, which has been described as a global regulator of virulence gene expression in S. aureus, was also studied (60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Generates Results Consistent with a Clonal Population Structure and Is Reliable for Epidemiological Typing

et al. 2014

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cStaphylococcus lugdunensis is an emergent virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcus responsible for severe infections similar to those caused by Staphylococcus aureus. To understand its potentially pathogenic capacity and have further detailed knowledge of the molecular traits of this organism, 93 isolates from various geographic origins were analyzed by multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST), targeting seven known or putative virulence-associated loci (atlL R2 , atlL R3 , hlb, isdJ, SLUG_09050, SLUG_16930, and vwbl). The polymorphisms of the putative virulence-associated loci were moderate and comparable to those of the housekeeping genes analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). However, the MVLST scheme generated 43 virulence types (VTs) compared to 20 sequence types (STs) based on MLST, indicating that MVLST was significantly more discriminating (Simpson's index [D], 0.943). No hypervirulent lineage or cluster specific to carriage strains was defined. The results of multilocus sequence analysis of known and putative virulence-associated loci are consistent with a clonal population structure for S. lugdunensis, suggesting a coevolution of these genes with housekeeping genes. Indeed, the nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary substitutions (d N /d S ) ratio, the Tajima's D test, and Single-likelihood ancestor counting (SLAC) analysis suggest that all virulence-associated loci were under negative selection, even atlL R2 (AtlL protein) and SLUG_16930 (FbpA homologue), for which the d N /d S ratios were higher. In addition, this analysis of virulence-associated loci allowed us to propose a trilocus sequence typing scheme based on the intragenic regions of atlL R3 , isdJ, and SLUG_16930, which is more discriminant than MLST for studying short-term epidemiology and further characterizing the lineages of the rare but highly pathogenic S. lugdunensis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Generates Results Consistent with a Clonal Population Structure and Is Reliable for Epidemiological Typing

et al. 2014

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“…In staphylococci Atl is secreted in a sec-dependent manner as a bifunctional precursor that is composed of two distinct murein hydrolases, an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (AM) and a glucosaminidase (GL) (54,55). The AM and GL domains are separated by three major repeats, R1 to R3.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excreted Cytoplasmic Proteins Contribute to Pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2016

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Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins in pro-and eukaryotes, also referred to as "nonclassical protein export," is a well-known phenomenon. However, comparatively little is known about the role of the excreted proteins in relation to pathogenicity. Here, the impact of two excreted glycolytic enzymes, aldolase (FbaA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), on pathogenicity was investigated in Staphylococcus aureus. Both enzymes bound to certain host matrix proteins and enhanced adherence of the bacterial cells to host cells but caused a decrease in host cell invasion. FbaA and GAPDH also bound to the cell surfaces of staphylococcal cells by interaction with the major autolysin, Atl, that is involved in host cell internalization. Surprisingly, FbaA showed high cytotoxicity to both MonoMac 6 (MM6) and HaCaT cells, while GAPDH was cytotoxic only for MM6 cells. Finally, the contribution of external FbaA and GAPDH to S. aureus pathogenicity was confirmed in an insect infection model.

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“…In strains belonging to the S. saprophyticus, S. simulans, and S. intermedius group, the vraH homologs are localized in a different genomic context than the vraDE genes, and they are least conserved. These strains are also phylogenetically more distant from S. aureus than the S. epidermidis group (36,37). The most distant homologue is found in S. xylosus (43.47%) (Fig.…”

Section: Genetic Organization Of Vradeh In Staphylococcimentioning

confidence: 88%

VraH Is the Third Component of the Staphylococcus aureus VraDEH System Involved in Gallidermin and Daptomycin Resistance and Pathogenicity

Popella

Krauss

Ebner

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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In bacteria, extracellular signals are transduced into the cell predominantly by two-component systems (TCSs) comprising a regulatory unit triggered by a specific signal. Some of the TCSs control executing units such as ABC transporters involved in antibiotic resistance. For instance, in Staphylococcus aureus, activation of BraSR leads to the upregulation of vraDE expression that encodes an ABC transporter playing a role in bacitracin and nisin resistance. In this study, we show that the small staphylococcal transmembrane protein VraH forms, together with VraDE, a three-component system. Although the expression of vraH in the absence of vraDE was sufficient to mediate low-level resistance, only this VraDEH entity conferred high-level resistance against daptomycin and gallidermin. In most staphylococcal genomes, vraH is located immediately downstream of vraDE, forming an operon, whereas in some species it is localized differently. In an invertebrate infection model, VraDEH significantly enhanced S. aureus pathogenicity. In analogy to the TCS connectors, VraH can be regarded as an ABC connector that modulates the activity of ABC transporters involved in antibiotic resistance.

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Phylogeny of the Staphylococcal Major Autolysin and Its Use in Genus and Species Typing

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Generates Results Consistent with a Clonal Population Structure and Is Reliable for Epidemiological Typing

Multi-Virulence-Locus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Generates Results Consistent with a Clonal Population Structure and Is Reliable for Epidemiological Typing

Excreted Cytoplasmic Proteins Contribute to Pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus

VraH Is the Third Component of the Staphylococcus aureus VraDEH System Involved in Gallidermin and Daptomycin Resistance and Pathogenicity

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