Phylogeny of the Tissue Cyst-forming Coccidia

Tenter, Astrid M.; Johnson, Alan M.

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60045-7

Cited by 74 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…These studies revealed ultrastructural similarities between extraintestinal merozoites of T. gondii and intestinal merozoites of Eimeria species, and thus indicated a coccidian-like life cycle for T. gondii [4,5,8]. The heteroxenous life cycle of T. gondii was elucidated in the late 1960s after it had been found that the faeces of cats may contain an infectious stage of T. gondii which induces infection when ingested by intermediate hosts [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…They introduced the genus Toxoplasma [3], and T. gondii became the type species of the genus. During the first half of this century, several species of Toxoplasma were named mainly in accordance with the host species in which they were detected [1,4,5]. It was not until the late 1930s that biological and immunological comparisons provided evidence that various isolates of animal and human origin were identical with T. gondii [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was not until the late 1930s that biological and immunological comparisons provided evidence that various isolates of animal and human origin were identical with T. gondii [6]. However, even then only asexual stages (merozoites and tissue cysts) of T. gondii were known and its classification was uncertain [5,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This stage was eventually identified as an isosporan-type oocyst previously described as part of the Isospora bigemina complex [4,5,10]. In 1970, knowledge of the coccidian life cycle of T. gondii was completed by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats [1,4,5,[11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans

Tenter

Heckeroth

Weiss

2000

International Journal for Parasitology

3,011

2,476

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Toxoplasmosis is one of the more common parasitic zoonoses world-wide. Its causative agent, Toxoplasma gondii, is a facultatively heteroxenous, polyxenous protozoon that has developed several potential routes of transmission within and between different host species. If first contracted during pregnancy, T. gondii may be transmitted vertically by tachyzoites that are passed to the foetus via the placenta. Horizontal transmission of T. gondii may involve three lifecycle stages, i.e. ingesting infectious oocysts from the environment or ingesting tissue cysts or tachyzoites which are contained in meat or primary offal (viscera) of many different animals. Transmission may also occur via tachyzoites contained in blood products, tissue transplants, or unpasteurised milk. However, it is not known which of these routes is more important epidemiologically. In the past, the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, in particular of pigs and sheep, has been regarded as a major route of transmission to humans. However, recent studies showed that the prevalence of T. gondii in meat-producing animals decreased considerably over the past 20 years in areas with intensive farm management. For example, in several countries of the European Union prevalences of T. gondii in fattening pigs are now <1%. Considering these data it is unlikely that pork is still a major source of infection for humans in these countries. However, it is likely that the major routes of transmission are different in human populations with differences in culture and eating habits. In the Americas, recent outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans have been associated with oocyst contamination of the environment. Therefore, future epidemiological studies on T. gondii infections should consider the role of oocysts as potential sources of infection for humans, and methods to monitor these are currently being developed. This review presents recent epidemiological data on T. gondii, hypotheses on the major routes of transmission to humans in different populations, and preventive measures that may reduce the risk of contracting a primary infection during pregnancy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans

Tenter

Heckeroth

Weiss

2000

International Journal for Parasitology

3,011

2,476

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“…The assemblage of coccidia sharing the ' two sporocyst, each with four sporozoites ' type of oocyst represents the taxonomically most complex and probably artificial group. It comprises medically important genera Besnoitia, Hammondia, Isospora, Neospora, Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma, and its phylogeny and taxonomy attracted much attention in recent years (Dolez) el et al, 1999 ;Ellis et al, 1998 ;Jenkins et al, 1999 ;Johnson, 1998 ;Mehlhorn & Heydorn, 2000 ;Mugridge et al, 1999 a, b ;Tenter & Johnson, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic position of a renal coccidium of the European green frogs, 'Isospora' lieberkuehni Labbé, 1894 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) and its taxonomic implications.

Modrý¹,

Šlapeta²,

Jirků³

et al. 2001

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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' Isospora ' lieberkuehni, an unusual isosporoid renal coccidium that parasitizes the European water frog was isolated from the edible frog, Rana kl. esculenta, in the Czech Republic. Sequencing of the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene showed that it belongs to the family Sarcocystidae, being closely related to a clade comprising members of the subfamily Toxoplasmatinae. The position within Sarcocystidae correlates with the mode of excystation via collapsible plates as postulated by previous authors. Phylogenetic, morphological and biological differences between ' Isospora ' lieberkuehni and the other Stiedabody-lacking members of the genus Isospora justify separation of this coccidium on a generic level. Hyaloklossia Labbe! , 1896 is the oldest available synonym and is herein re-erected. The original definition of the genus Hyaloklossia is emended based on recent observations.

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Coccidiosis

Stevens

1998

Encyclopedia of Immunology

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Phylogeny of the Tissue Cyst-forming Coccidia

Cited by 74 publications

References 134 publications

Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans

Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans

Phylogenetic position of a renal coccidium of the European green frogs, 'Isospora' lieberkuehni Labbé, 1894 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) and its taxonomic implications.

Coccidiosis

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