Phylogeny of the Xeromelissinae (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) Based upon Morphology and Molecules

Abstract

-We present the results of a combined analysis of 248 morphological characters and sequences from 3 genes for 29 species of Xeromelissinae and 7 outgroup taxa including representatives of the colletid subfamilies Colletinae, Euryglossinae, Hylaeinae, Paracolletinae, and Scrapterinae. The paracolletine genus Trichocolletes was used to root the tree. The results agree with most of those obtained in an earlier, entirely morphological analysis. Noteworthy are (1) the paraphyly of Chilimelissa in relation to Xeromelissa, and (2) the lack of sister group relationship between Hylaeinae and Xeromelissinae. Other than minor rearrangements resulting from swapping adjacent nodes, the only major difference is the placement of one species of Chilicola, C. aenigma, which no longer groups within C. (Chilioediscelis), but instead appears to be closer to Xenochilicola. The influence upon phylogenetic results caused by highly morphologically autapomorphic taxa is discussed.bee / Colletidae / phylogeny / Neotropical / Xeromelissinae

The diversification of neopasiphaeine bees during the Cenozoic (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

“…Maps of all nuclear gene loci except NaK are provided by Almeida and Danforth (). Gene fragments were PCR‐amplified using specific primers and reactions according to Almeida, Packer, and Danforth (), Almeida and Danforth () and Cardinal, Straka, and Danforth (); primers and PCR conditions are listed in Supporting information Table . Automatic DNA sequencing was performed using the Applied Biosystems Automated 3730 DNA Analyzer employing Big Dye Terminator chemistry and AmpliTaq‐FS DNA Polymerase at Cornell University Life Sciences Core Laboratories Center.…”

“…Minimum ages for the two lognormal priors are based on stem group calibrations using constituent taxa from the fossil record. The common ancestor of Xenochilicola mamigna and Chilicola spp., a robustly supported clade within the neotropical subfamily Xeromelissinae (Almeida & Danforth, ; Almeida et al, ), was given a lognormal prior of log(mean) = 2.708, log( SD ) = 0.421, offset = 15 (equivalent to a minimum bound of 15 Ma, median value of 30 My, and a 95% quantile of 45 Ma) based on Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) gracilis Michener & Poinar, and Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) electrodominicana Engel, fossils from Dominican amber (Engel, ; Michener & Poinar, ). The ichnospecies Celliforma curvata Sarzetti, Dinghi, Genise, Bedatou, & Verde, was assigned to bees of the subfamily Diphaglossinae because of the curved cells built in soil (Sarzetti et al, ), and it provides a minimum age for the appearance of the neotropical lineages of this taxon.…”

Biogeography and diversification of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): emerging patterns from the southern end of the world

“…Minimum ages for the two lognormal priors are based on stem group calibrations using constituent taxa from the fossil record. The common ancestor of Xenochilicola mamigna and Chilicola spp., a robust clade within the Neotropical subfamily Xeromelissinae (Almeida et al. , 2008; Almeida & Danforth, 2009), was given a lognormal prior of log(mean) = 2.708, log(SD) = 0.421, offset = 15 (equivalent to a minimum bound of 15 Ma, median value of 30 Ma, and a 95% quantile of 45 Ma) based on Chilicola ( Hylaeosoma ) gracilis Michener & Poinar, 1996 and Chilicola ( Hylaeosoma ) electrodominicana Engel, 1999 fossils from Dominican amber (Michener & Poinar, 1996; Engel, 1999).…”

“…Minimum ages for the two lognormal priors are based on stem group calibrations using constituent taxa from the fossil record. The common ancestor of Xenochilicola mamigna and Chilicola spp., a robust clade within the Neotropical subfamily Xeromelissinae (Almeida et al, 2008;Almeida & Danforth, 2009), was given a lognormal prior of log(mean) = 2.708, log(SD) = 0.421, offset = 15 (equivalent to a minimum bound of 15 Ma, median value of 30 Ma, and a 95% quantile of 45 Ma) based on Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) gracilis Michener & Poinar, 1996 and Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) electrodominicana Engel, 1999 fossils from Dominican amber (Michener & Poinar, 1996;Engel, 1999). The stem group node of Halictini was given a lognormal prior age distribution of log(mean) = 2.565, log(SD) = 0.347, offset = 42 (equivalent to a minimum bound of 42, median value of 55 Ma, and a 95% quantile of 65 Ma) based on the Baltic amber fossil Electrolictus antiquus (Engel, 2001a) and the results of divergence dating and biogeographical analyses within Halictidae (Danforth et al, 2004).…”

Patagonicola: a new genus of xeromelissine bee from Argentina (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae)

“…The Xeromelissinae is one of five subfamilies of Colletidae (Hymenoptera), which, other than for a few species in Central America and Mexico, is restricted to South America (Michener 2007 (Almeida et al 2008). …”