Phylogeography and divergence in the chloroplast genome of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)

Byrne, Margaret; MacDonald, B.; Brand, J. E.

doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800346

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The regional differences in genetic structure associated with differences in the relative influences of evolutionary processes in S. spicatum is congruent with the presence of different chloroplast DNA lineages in the regions (Byrne et al 2003) and consistent with the identification of northern and southern ecotypes based on morphological variation (Fox and Brand 1993). The pattern of differentiation in the southern region indicates that germplasm collection strategies should sample across the range of populations to ensure adequate representation of the variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…This morphological variation probably reflects adaptation to environmental conditions but may also have some genetic basis. Variation in growth rates among provenances from both regions has been observed in a field trial (Brand et al 1999), indicating some genetic influence on growth characteristics, and genetic differentiation of two lineages has been observed in cpDNA (Byrne et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Regional genetic differentiation in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) as revealed by nuclear RFLP analysis

Byrne¹,

MacDonald²,

Broadhurst³

et al. 2003

Theor Appl Genet

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Western Australian sandalwood, Santalum spicatum, is widespread in the semi-arid and arid regions of Western Australia, and there is some morphological variation suggestive of two ecotypes. The level and structuring of genetic diversity within the species was investigated using anonymous nuclear RFLP loci. Santalum spicatum showed moderate levels of genetic diversity compared to other Australian tree species. The northern populations in the arid region showed greater levels of diversity and less population differentiation than the southern populations in the semi-arid region due to differences in the distribution of rare alleles. Equilibrium between drift and gene flow in the northern populations indicated that they have been established for a long period of time with stable conditions conducive to gene flow. In contrast, the southern populations showed a relationship between drift and gene flow indicative of a pattern of fragmentation and isolation where drift has greater effect than gene flow. The different patterns of diversity suggest that the ecotypes in the two regions have been subject to differences in the relative influences of drift and gene flow during their evolutionary history.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Regional genetic differentiation in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) as revealed by nuclear RFLP analysis

Byrne¹,

MacDonald²,

Broadhurst³

et al. 2003

Theor Appl Genet

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“…S. spicatum, S. austrocaledonicum, S. album, and S. insulare have been studied intensively in this regard. S. spicatum was assessed for genetic diversity using both nuclear and chloroplast RFLP probes (Byrne et al, 2003a, b) revealing modest levels of genetic variation but few rare alleles and considerable inbreeding coefficients compared to other widespread forest species such as Eucalyptus spp. (Hines and Byrne, 2001).…”

Section: Traditional Breeding and Improvement Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandalwood

Jones

2008

Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants

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Sandalwood is the common name for any member of the genus Santalum , which is utilized for its fragrant heartwood. Logs may be used for carving, while the ground wood is used in incense manufacture and essential oil distillation. The pure oil is used in many high‐end perfumes and commands a very high price. Centuries of overexploitation has led to the development of a plantation production system for sandalwood. This has not been without its challenges, particularly problematic silviculture, pest and disease management, and highly variable produce. Conventional breeding approaches have been implemented to improve heartwood and essential oil production; however, there is a significant opportunity for the application of transgenics to sandalwood improvement. Genetic modification of sandalwood so far has been restricted to proof of principle experiments using typical reporter genes; however, these experiments confirm the potential for further improvement. The opportunities for transgenics in sandalwood are discussed here, within the context of the botany and taxonomy of the species, and tree improvement in general.

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“…Genomic DNA was digested with three more restriction enzymes (BclI, Dra and Xba) and Southern blotted using the method described above. These filters were combined with the filters previously made using BglII and EcoRV, and hybridised with labelled ( 32 P dCTP) chloroplast probes; p1, p4, p3, p6, p8, p10 from Petunia and PtBa1 from tobacco as per BYRNE et al (2003a), however probe PtBa1 was only used in combination with filters using EcoRV and BglII. Autoradiographs were exposed for up to a week at -80°C depending on the intensity of the signal.…”

Section: Chloroplast Dna Analysis Of Santalum Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of an Australian Santalum album Collection – Implications For Tree Improvement Potential

2009

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The Forest Products Commission of Western Australia manages a sandalwood (Santalum spp.) core germplasm collection at Kununurra in the states far north. This collection serves as a significant seed source for sandalwood plantations in the area and remains an important resource for ongoing research. The collection contains S. album trees sourced from Indian arboreta, along with a few trees from West Timor, Indonesia. Also present are representatives of S. macgregorii from Papua New Guinea and S. austrocaledonicum from Vanuatu and/or New Caledonia. Despite the apparently diverse seed origins, the genetic background of many of the accessions remains vague. In this study, diversity and relatedness was assessed by nuclear and chloroplast RFLPs and a phylogeny was inferred. Nuclear RFLPs revealed very low levels of genetic diversity for a tree species, with an observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He) of 0.047. Nineteen genotypes were identified within the 233 S. album individuals sampled, with only one tree known to have originated from Timor being differentiated from Indian material. Other trees thought to have come from Timor grouped with those believed to be from India, indicating they were either incorrectly labelled or sourced from heavily modified populations. Despite the poor sample size, chloroplast RFLP analysis revealed no genetic distinction between the Timorese and Indian S. album, which supports the theory of human mediated seed dispersal from Timor to India. The structure of the phylogeny and associated relatedness has assisted in the establishment of seed orchards, designed to ensure maximum diversity is maintained through limiting the proximity of highly related trees. Finally, in light of these and other findings, a hypothesis concerning the evolution of S. album is proposed.

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Phylogeography and divergence in the chloroplast genome of Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)

Cited by 52 publications

References 32 publications

Regional genetic differentiation in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) as revealed by nuclear RFLP analysis

Regional genetic differentiation in Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) as revealed by nuclear RFLP analysis

Sandalwood

Genetic Diversity of an Australian Santalum album Collection – Implications For Tree Improvement Potential

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