Phylogeography of striped skunks (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>) in North America: Pleistocene dispersal and contemporary population structure

Barton, Heather D.

doi:10.1644/10-mamm-a-270.1

Cited by 24 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…For example, major mountain ranges with orogenesis in the Cenozoic including the modern Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Cascade Ranges appeared to have little impact on genetic structure within S. gracilis . This pattern contrasts with results for the related striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis , which showed distinct phylogeographic subdivisions across the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Barton & Wisely, ). Other co‐distributed mammals displaying phylogeographic breaks with mountains of the west include mule deer (Latch et al., ) and red foxes (Aubry, Statham, Sacks, Perrine, & Wisely, ; Volkmann, Statham, Mooers, & Sacks, ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison with similar, broadly distributed and generalist species of small carnivores, including other mephitid species (Barton & Wisely, ), S. gracilis displays a pattern more consistent with small mammals like rodents than similar or even smaller‐sized carnivores (Aubry et al., ; Dawson, Hope, Talbot, & Cook, ; Harding & Dragoo, ). For example, studies of striped skunks, M. mephitis (Barton & Wisely, ), ermine, Mustela erminea (Dawson et al., ), and red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (Aubry et al., ; Volkmann et al., ) all indicate recent divergences (<400 Ka) of intraspecific lineages following glaciation patterns across North America, but see Harding and Dragoo (). However, intraclade divergence within a western North America clade of the long‐tailed weasel, Mustela frenata appears more in line with patterns seen in S. gracilis , with major lineage divergence occurring around 1 Ma (Harding & Dragoo, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Phylogeography of a widespread small carnivore, the western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) reveals temporally variable signatures of isolation across western North America

Ferguson

McDonough

Guerra

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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We analyzed phylogeographic patterns in the western spotted skunk, Spilogale gracilis Merriam, 1890 (Carnivora: Mephitidae) in relation to historical events associated with Pre‐Pleistocene Divergence (PPD) and Quaternary climate change (QCC) using mitochondrial DNA from 97 individuals distributed across Western North America. Divergence times were generated using BEAST to estimate when isolation in putative refugia occurred. Patterns and timing of demographic expansion was performed using Bayesian skyline plot. Putative climatic refugia resulting from Quaternary climate change were identified using paleoecological niche modeling and divergence dates compared to major vicariant events associated with Pre‐Pleistocene conditions. We recovered three major mitochondrial clades corresponding to western North America (California, Baja, and across the Great Basin), east‐central North America (Texas, central Mexico, New Mexico), and southwestern Arizona/northwestern Mexico. Time to most recent common ancestor for S. gracilis occurred ~1.36 Ma. Divergence times for each major clade occurred between 0.25 and 0.12 Ma, with signature of population expansion occurring 0.15 and 0.10 Ma. Ecological niche models identified three potential climatic refugia during the Last Interglacial, (1) west coast of California and Oregon, (2) northwestern Mexico, and (3) southern Texas/northeastern Mexico as well as two refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum, (1) western USA and (2) southern Texas/northeastern Mexico. This study supports PPD in shaping species‐level diversity compared to QCC‐driven changes at the intraspecific level for Spilogale, similar to the patterns reported for other small mammals (e.g., rodents and bats). Phylogeographic patterns also appear to have been shaped by both habitat and river vicariance, especially across the desert southwest. Further, continuing climate change during the Holocene coupled with anthropogenic modifications during the Anthropocene appears to be removing both of these barriers to current dispersal of western spotted skunks.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Phylogeography of a widespread small carnivore, the western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) reveals temporally variable signatures of isolation across western North America

Ferguson

McDonough

Guerra

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The origin of the distinct genotypes identified in B. columnaris are unknown, but may also reflect two (ancient) subpopulations in the skunk host of B. columnaris in North America [27]. B. columnaris CO2 sequences of both multi-locus sequence type (MLST) I and MLST II are 100% homologous to that of B. columnaris isolated from a skunk in Indiana, where 75% of skunks is of the East phylogroup [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. columnaris CO2 sequences of both multi-locus sequence type (MLST) I and MLST II are 100% homologous to that of B. columnaris isolated from a skunk in Indiana, where 75% of skunks is of the East phylogroup [27]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis of Baylisascaris columnaris revealed mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphisms

et al. 2013

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Background: Baylisascaris species are intestinal nematodes of skunks, raccoons, badgers, and bears belonging to the genus Ascarididae. Oral uptake of embryonated Baylisascaris sp. eggs by a wide variety of mammals and birds can lead to visceral, ocular and neurological larva migrans. B. procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is known to cause severe illness in intermediate hosts and in humans, whereas the skunk roundworm B. columnaris is probably less pathogenic. Skunks and raccoons are kept as pets in Europe, sometimes together with cats and dogs, living in close contact with humans. B. procyonis and B. columnaris are difficult to differentiate based on morphological criteria and molecular and phylogenetic information concerning B. columnaris is missing. This is the first study on the genetic characterisation of B. columnaris, based on mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers. Methods: B. columnaris worms were isolated from pet skunks, and used for molecular analysis. PCR primers targeted at mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 and 2 (CO1 and CO2), ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and ribosomal 28S genes were used. DNA sequences from B. columnaris, B. procyonis and B. transfuga from bears were analysed by cluster analysis.

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“…Based on fossil remains, primitive skunks occurred in Europe in the middle Miocene (c. 11–12 mya) and in North America in the late Miocene (c. 9.3 mya), while Mephitis dates back to the early Pleistocene (1.8 mya) in North America (Wolsan ; Wang et al . ; Barton & Wisely ). As a group, skunks and stink badgers are best known for their use of malodorous anal gland secretions in self‐defense (Radinsky ; Wood ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutral and acidic milk oligosaccharides of the striped skunk (Mephitidae: Mephitis mephitis)

Taufik

Sekii

Senda

et al. 2013

Animal Science Journal

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The biological significance of the tremendous variation in proportions of oligosaccharides and lactose among mammalian milks is poorly understood. We investigated milk oligosaccharides of the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and compared these results to other species of the clade Mustelida. Individual oligosaccharides were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the striped skunk, six oligosaccharides were identified: isoglobotriose, 2'-fucosyllactose, A-tetrasaccharide, Galili pentasaccharide, 3'-sialyllactose and monosialyl monogalactosyl lacto-N-neohexaose. Four of these have been found in related Mustelida and the other two in more distantly related carnivorans. The neutral and acidic oligosaccharides derive from three core structures: lactose (Gal(β1-4)Glc), lacto-N-neotetraose (Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc) and lacto-N-neohexaose (Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-3)[Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-6)]Gal(β1-4)Glc).

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Phylogeography of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in North America: Pleistocene dispersal and contemporary population structure

Cited by 24 publications

References 65 publications

Phylogeography of a widespread small carnivore, the western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) reveals temporally variable signatures of isolation across western North America

Phylogeography of a widespread small carnivore, the western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) reveals temporally variable signatures of isolation across western North America

Molecular analysis of Baylisascaris columnaris revealed mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphisms

Neutral and acidic milk oligosaccharides of the striped skunk (Mephitidae: Mephitis mephitis)

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