Phylomitogenomics provides new perspectives on the Euphasmatodea radiation (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

Forni, Giobbe; Plazzi, Federico; Cussigh, Alex; Conle, Oskar V.; Hennemann, Frank H.; Luchetti, Andrea; Mantovani, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106983

Cited by 24 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The divergence of Phylliidae was estimated to have started at ~49.9 mya (55.5 – 47.1 mya) and at ~51.1 mya (64.0–38.2 mya) for FC and RC analyses, respectively, with the clades established as genera largely originating in the Oligocene. While our estimates are comparable to previously obtained divergence times 25 , 33 and within the credibility intervals of others 24 , 41 , the analyses by Tihelka et al 34 and Forni et al 45 have presented a much older origin of Euphasmatodea (Jurassic) and Phylliidae (Cretaceous) (Fig. 4 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)

Bank

Cumming

et al. 2021

Commun Biol

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The insect order Phasmatodea is known for large slender insects masquerading as twigs or bark. In contrast to these so-called stick insects, the subordinated clade of leaf insects (Phylliidae) are dorso-ventrally flattened and therefore resemble leaves in a unique way. Here we show that the origin of extant leaf insects lies in the Australasian/Pacific region with subsequent dispersal westwards to mainland Asia and colonisation of most Southeast Asian landmasses. We further hypothesise that the clade originated in the Early Eocene after the emergence of angiosperm-dominated rainforests. The genus Phyllium to which most of the ~100 described species pertain is recovered as paraphyletic and its three non-nominate subgenera are recovered as distinct, monophyletic groups and are consequently elevated to genus rank. This first phylogeny covering all major phylliid groups provides the basis for future studies on their taxonomy and a framework to unveil more of their cryptic and underestimated diversity.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)

Bank

Cumming

et al. 2021

Commun Biol

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“…In addition to the usage of different fossils, also the varying definition of upper bounds appears to result in incongruent divergence times estimations. Although the rising discussion on the contradictory phasmatodean divergence times deserves further attention (see also Forni et al ., 2021 for another significantly older estimation), a full‐fledged analysis and discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of the present study. Since the general divergence times of extant Euphasmatodea estimated by Simon et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…(2018), such as Echinosomiscus primoticus Engel & Wang, a fossil insect preserved in Cretaceous amber (∼99 mya) described as an adult male related to a subordinate lineage comprising Lonchodinae and Clitumninae (Engel et al ., 2016). However, this extremely small fossil most probably does not belong to Phasmatodea at all (Bradler & Buckley, 2018) and was used as calibration point for Phasmatodea or Euphasmatodea (Simon et al ., 2019; Forni et al ., 2020; Forni et al ., 2021), whereas Tihelka et al . (2020) included it as calibration point within the much more subordinate Oriophasmata.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…4, 7). In earlier molecular studies with fewer taxa included, Heteropterygidae were either recovered as not monophyletic at all (Whiting et al ., 2003; Buckley et al ., 2009; Forni et al ., 2021) or as a weakly supported clade (Bradler et al ., 2014, 2015; Goldberg et al ., 2015; Büscher et al ., 2018a). A larger taxon sampling obviously leads to a significantly more robust phylogeny as was also observed by Robertson et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground‐dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)

Bank

Buckley

Büscher

et al. 2021

Systematic Entomology

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Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are large terrestrial herbivorous arthropods known for masquerading as plant parts such as bark, twigs and leaves. Their evolutionary history is largely shaped by convergent evolution associated with adaptive radiations on geographically isolated landmasses that have repeatedly generated ground‐dwelling ecomorphs. The members of one lineage, however, the Oriental Heteropterygidae, are morphologically rather uniform, and have a predominantly ground‐dwelling lifestyle. The phylogeny of Heteropterygidae that comprises approximately 130 described species is controversial and remains uncertain. In particular, the systematic position of the giant Jungle Nymph Heteropteryx dilatata, whose males are capable of flight and exhibit the most plesiomorphic wing morphology among extant phasmatodeans, is of major interest to the scientific community. Here, we analysed a set of seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes to infer the phylogeny of Heteropterygidae covering the group's overall diversity. The divergence time estimation and reconstruction of the historical biogeography resulted in an ancestral distribution across Sundaland with long distance dispersal events to Wallacea, the Philippines and the South Pacific. We were able to resolve the relationships among the three principal subgroups of Heteropterygidae and revealed the Dataminae, which contain entirely wingless small forms, as the sister group of Heteropteryginae + Obriminae. Within Heteropteryginae, Haaniella is recovered as paraphyletic in regard to Heteropteryx. Consequently, Heteropteryx must be considered a subordinate taxon deeply embedded within a flightless clade of stick insects. Within Obriminae, the Bornean Hoploclonia is strongly supported as the earliest diverging lineage. Based on this finding, we recognize only two tribes of equal rank among Obriminae, the Hoplocloniini trib. nov. and Obrimini sensu nov. Within the latter, we demonstrate that previous tribal assignments do not reflect phylogenetic relationships and that a basal splitting event occurred between the wing‐bearing clade Miroceramia + Pterobrimus and the remaining wingless Obrimini. The Philippine genus Tisamenus is paraphyletic with regard to Ilocano hebardi, thus, we transfer the latter species to Tisamenus as Tisamenus hebardi comb. nov. and synonymize Ilocano with Tisamenus. We discuss character transformations in the light of the new phylogenetic results and conclude that the current taxonomic diversity appears to be mainly driven by allopatry and not to be the result of niche differentiation. This radiation is thus best described as a nonadaptive radiation.

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“…By contrast, Bank et al, based on three nuclear data sets (18S, 28S and H3) and four mitochondrial data genes At the family level, our data supported the monophyly of Heteropterygidae but Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, and Lonchodidae were not recovered. Lonchodidae consists of two subfamilies, Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae, but did not form a clade, which was also reported by Forni et al, Kômoto et al,and Song et al [6,22,33]. However, the phylogenetic relationship among Dataminae, Heteropteryginae, and Obriminae of Heteropteridae is still controversial.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny

Chen

Ayivi

et al. 2021

Insects

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Insects of the order Phasmatodea are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and are best known for their remarkable camouflage as plants. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes from three different families: Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis. The lengths of the three mitochondrial genomes were 15,896 bp, 16,869 bp, and 17,005 bp, respectively, and the gene composition and structure of the three stick insects were identical to those of the most recent common ancestor of insects. The phylogenetic relationships among stick insects have been chaotic for a long time. In order to discuss the intra- and inter-ordinal relationship of Phasmatodea, we used the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 85 species for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Results showed that the internal topological structure of Phasmatodea had a few differences in both ML and BI trees and long-branch attraction (LBA) appeared between Embioptera and Zoraptera, which led to a non-monophyletic Phasmatodea. Consequently, after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species, we re-performed ML and BI analyses with the remaining 81 species, which showed identical topology except for the position of Tectarchus ovobessus (Phasmatodea). We recovered the monophyly of Phasmatodea and the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Our analyses also recovered the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. In this study, Peruphasma schultei (Pseudophasmatidae), Phraortes sp. YW-2014 (Lonchodidae), and species of Diapheromeridae clustered into the clade of Phasmatidae. Within Heteropterygidae, O. guangxiensis was the sister clade to O. mouhotii belonging to Dataminae, and the relationship of (Heteropteryginae + (Dataminae + Obriminae)) was recovered.

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Phylomitogenomics provides new perspectives on the Euphasmatodea radiation (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

Cited by 24 publications

References 84 publications

A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)

A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)

Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground‐dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)

Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny

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